Civil Rights Movement

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Civil Rights Movement
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The Civil Rights Movement prior to 1954

• To 1940
• A. Philip Randolph forced a federal ban against
  discrimination in defense work.
• President Truman desegregated the armed forces.
• Brooklyn Dodgers put an African AmericanJackie
  Robinsonon its roster.

• Pre-1900
• Opposition to slavery in colonial days
• Abolition movement and Civil War
• Legalized racism after Reconstruction
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson allowed the segregation
  of African Americans and whites.

• To 1930
• Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
• Founding of the NAACP in 1909
• African Americans suffered worse than others
  during the Great Depression.
• Roosevelt unwilling to push too hard for greater
  African American rights.

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Seeking Change in the Courts
The NAACP attacked racism through the courts. In
the 1930s Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood
Marshall began a campaign to attack the concept
of separate but equal.
The NAACP began to chip away at the 1896 Supreme
Court ruling in Plessy v. Fergusonthe legal
basis for segregation.

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Key Issues in the Supreme Courts ruling on Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating
  the nations elementary and high schools in the
  1950s.
• He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas.
• The Supreme Court combined several school
  segregation cases from around the country into a
  single case Brown v. Board of Education of
  Topeka, Kansas.
• The Supreme Court was aware of this cases great
  significance.

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Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court heard arguments over a two-year
period. The Court also considered research about
segregations effects on African American
children.
In 1954 Chief Justice Earl Warren issued the
Supreme Courts decision.
All nine justices agreed that separate schools
for African Americans and whites violated the
Constitutions guarantee of equal protection of
the law.
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The Little Rock Crisis

• Integration
• The Supreme Courts ruling did not offer guidance
  about how or when desegregation should occur.
• Some states integrated quickly. Other states
  faced strong opposition.
• Virginia passed laws that closed schools who
  planned to integrate.
• In Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor violated a
  federal court order to integrate Little Rocks
  Central High School.
• When Federal troops are sent to make states
  follow federal laws, this struggle for power is
  called federalism.

• The Little Rock Nine
• On September 4, 1957, angry whites harassed nine
  black students as they arrived at Little Rocks
  Central High School.
• The Arkansas National Guard turned the Little
  Rock Nine away and prevented them from entering
  the school for three weeks.
• Finally, Eisenhower sent the 101st airborne to
  escort the Little Rock Nine into the school.
• The events in Little Rock revealed how strong
  racism was in some parts of the country.

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Little Rock, Arkansas 1957
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Emmett Till Murder

• From Chicago, Illinois, visiting his relatives in
  the Mississippi Delta. Emmett was 14 years old.
• Spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant, the married
  proprietor of a small grocery store
• Days later Bryant's husband Roy and his
  half-brother J. W. Milam arrived at Till's
  great-uncle's house where they took Emmett

• Taken to a barn he was beat, they gouged out one
  of his eyes, then shooting him through the head.
• His body was put in the Tallahatchie River,
  weighting with a cotton gin fan tied around his
  neck with barbed wire.
• Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's
  kidnapping and murder
• Months later they admit to the crimes protected
  by Double Jeopardy

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Emmett Till 14 years old
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Montgomery, Alabama
The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• In 1955 a local NAACP member named Rosa Parks
  refused to give her seat to white riders.
• The resulting Montgomery bus boycott led to a
  Supreme Court ruling that segregation on buses
  was unconstitutional.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• African Americans formed the Southern Christian
  Leadership Conference, or SCLC, to protest
  activities taking place all across the South.
• Martin Luther King Jr. was the elected leader of
  this groupwhich was committed to mass,
  nonviolent action.

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Gandhi inspired King

• Violence never solves problems. It only creates
  new and more complicated ones. If we succumb to
  the temptation of using violence in our struggle
  for justice, unborn generations will be the
  recipients of a long and desolate night of
  bitterness, and our chief legacy to the future
  will be an endless reign of meaningless chaos.
• --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Facing the
  Challenge of a New Age"

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott

• When Rosa Parks was arrested, the NAACP called
  for a one-day boycott of the city bus system.
• Community leaders formed the Montgomery
  Improvement Association and selected Martin
  Luther King Jr. as its leader.
• African Americans continued to boycott the bus
  system for a yearwhich hurt the bus system and
  other white businesses.
• After the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on
  buses was unconstitutional, integration of the
  buses moved forward.

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Non-Violent Protests during the Civil Rights
Movement

• Civil rights workers used several direct,
  nonviolent methods to confront discrimination and
  racism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
• Boycotts, Sit-ins, and Freedom Rides
• Many of these non-violent tactics were based on
  those of Mohandas Gandhia leader in Indias
  struggle for independence from Great Britain.
• American civil rights leaders such as James
  Farmer of CORE, Martin Luther King Jr. of SCLC,
  and others shared Gandhis views.
• James Lawson, an African American minister,
  conducted workshops on nonviolent methods in
  Nashville and on college campuses.

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The Strategy of Nonviolence

• The Sit-in Movement
• Four college students in Greensboro, North
  Carolina, stayed in their seats at a Woolworths
  lunch counter after being refused service because
  of their race.
• Over the next few days, protesters filled 63 of
  the 66 seats at the lunch counter.
• The students were dedicated and well-behaved and
  ended each sit-in with a prayer.
• Over time, protesters in about 50 southern cities
  began to use the sit-in tactic.
• Sit in tatics
• Dress in you Sunday best.
• Be respectful to employees and police.
• Do not resist arrest!
• Do not fight back!
• Remember, journalists are everywhere!

• The Freedom Rides
• In 1960 the Supreme Court ordered that bus
  station facilities for interstate travelers must
  be open to all passengers. But this ruling was
  not enforced.
• CORE sent a group of Freedom Riders on a bus trip
  through the South to draw attention to this
  situation.
• Mobs angry at the Freedom Riders attempts to use
  white-only facilities firebombed a bus in
  Anniston, Alabama and attacked riders with
  baseball bats and metal pipes in Birmingham.

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Freedom Riders Attacked
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Integration of Higher Education in the South

• By 1960 the NAACP began to attack segregation in
  colleges and universities.
• In 1961 a court order required the University of
  Georgia to admit two African American students.
• Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes suffered but
  both graduated in 1963.
• In 1962 James Meredith tried to enroll at the
  University of Mississippi.
• He arrived on campus with 500 federal marshals
  and was met by 2,500 violent protesters.
• President Kennedy went on national television to
  announce that he was sending in troops.
• The troops ended the protest but hundreds had
  been injured and two killed.
• A small force of marshals remained to protect
  Meredith until he graduated in 1963.
• In 1963 the governor of Alabama physically
  blocked Vivian Malone and James Hood from
  enrolling at the University of Alabama.

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Results of Sit-ins and Freedom Rides

• Succeeded at getting businesses to change their
  policies
• Marked a shift in the civil rights
  movementshowed young African Americans growing
  impatience with the slow pace of change
• Leaders formed the SNCC.

Sit-ins
Freedom Rides

• After the savage beatings in Birmingham, bus
  companies refused to sell the Freedom Riders
  tickets and CORE disbanded the Freedom Ride.

• SNCC continued the Freedom Rides.
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal
  marshals to Montgomery to protect the riders.
• The Interstate Commerce Commission finally forced
  the integration of bus and train stations.

Federal Intervention
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The Albany Movement

• The Movement
• SNCC began a sit-in in Albanys bus station.
• Over 500 demonstrators were arrested.
• The federal government was informed but took no
  action.
• Local leaders asked Martin Luther King Jr. to
  lead more demonstrations and to gain more
  coverage for the protests.
• He agreed and was also arrested.

• The Results
• The police chief had studied Kings tactics and
  made arrangements to counter-act the nonviolent
  protest.
• When the press arrived, King was released.
• City officials would only deal with local leaders
  until King left.
• Once King left, officials would not negotiate at
  all.
• The nine-month movement failed.

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AL Governor George Wallace

• In the name of the greatest people that have
  ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust
  and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny,
  and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow,
  segregation forever.
• From inaugural speech.

• Attempted to stop de-segregation of schools.
• Allowed violence against those who stood for
  change. His weapon Sheriff Bull Conner.
• Why was Birmingham chosen after Albany?

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The Birmingham Campaign

• The Campaign
• Martin Luther King raised money to fight
  Birminghams segregation laws.
• Volunteers began with sit-ins and marches and
  were quickly arrested.
• King hoped this would motivate more people to
  join the protests.
• White clergy attacked Kings actions in a
  newspaper ad.
• King wrote his Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
• Fewer African Americans were willing to join and
  risk their jobs.

• The Results
• A SCLC leader convinced King to use children for
  his protests.
• More than 900 children between ages six and
  eighteen were arrested.
• Police Chief Eugene Bull Connor used police and
  fire fighters to break up a group of about 2,500
  student protesters.
• The violence of Connors methods was all over the
  television news.
• Federal negotiators got the city officials to
  agree to many of Kings demands.

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Letter From a Birmingham Jail

• In the letter King justifies civil disobedience
  in the town of Birmingham.
• I cannot sit idly in Atlanta and not be
  concerned about what happens in Birmingham.
  Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice
  everywhere.
• There can be no gain saying the fact that racial
  injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is
  probably the most thoroughly segregated city in
  the United States. Its ugly record of brutality
  is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly
  unjust treatment in the courts.
• Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed
  forever. The yearning for freedom eventually
  manifests itself.
• We know through painful experience that freedom
  is never voluntarily given by the oppressor, it
  must be demanded by the oppressed.
• Wait has almost always meant 'never.

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Violence in Alabama
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16th St. Baptist Church Bombingham AL

• 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama
  had been a rallying point for civil rights
  activities
• Ku Klux Klan group, planted a box of dynamite
  with a time delay under the steps of the church,
• Sunday, September 15, 1963. The explosion at the
  African-American church, which killed four girls

• Four KKK members are eventually found guilty of
  the crimes. First trial in 1971.

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March on Washington March 1963

• President Kennedy was pushing for a civil rights
  bill.
• To show support, 500,000 African Americans went
  to Washington D.C.
• The event was highlighted by King's "I Have a
  Dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial.
  August 28, 1963

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I Have A Dream Speach

• I have a dream that one day this nation will
  rise up and live out the true meaning of its
  creed - 'We hold these truths to be
  self-evident, that all men are created equal.
• I have a dream that one day even the state of
  Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of
  injustice, sweltering with the heat of
  oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of
  freedom and justice.
• I have a dream that my four little children will
  one day live in a nation where they will not be
  judged by the color of their skin but by the
  content of their character.
• black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,
  Protestants and Catholics - will be able to join
  hands and sing in the words of the old Negro
  spiritual "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God
  Almighty, we are free at last!"

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

• The events in Alabama convinced President Kennedy
  to act on civil rights issues.
• Kennedy announced that he would ask for
  legislation to finally end segregation in public
  accommodations.

President Kennedy

• Medgar Evers, the head of the NAACP in
  Mississippi, was shot dead in his front yard.
• Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith was
  tried for the crime but all-white juries failed
  to convict.

Medgar Evers

• On August 28, 1963, the largest civil rights
  demonstration ever held in the United States took
  place in Washington.
• More than 200,000 people marched and listened to
  Martin Luther King Jr.s I Have a Dream speech.

March on Washington
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Passing the Civil Rights Act

• President Johnson supported passage of a strong
  civil rights bill.
• Some southerners in Congress fought hard to kill
  his bill.
• Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into
  law on July 2, 1964.
• The law banned discrimination in employment and
  in public accommodations.

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Gaining Voting Rights for African Americans in
the South

• Voting rights for African Americans were achieved
  at great human cost and sacrifice.
• President Kennedy was worried about the violent
  reactions to the nonviolent methods of the civil
  rights movement.
• Attorney General Robert Kennedy urged SNCC
  leaders to focus on voter registration rather
  than on protests.
• He promised that the federal government would
  protect civil rights workers if they focused on
  voter registration.
• The Twenty-fourth Amendment outlawed the practice
  of taxing citizens to vote.
• Hundreds of people volunteered to spend their
  summers registering African Americans to vote.

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Gaining Voting Rights

• Registering Voters
• SNCC, CORE, and other groups founded the Voter
  Education Project (VEP) to register southern
  African Americans to vote.
• Opposition to African American suffrage was
  great.
• Mississippi was particularly hardVEP workers
  lived in daily fear for their safety.
• VEP was a successby 1964 they had registered
  more than a half million more African American
  voters.

• Twenty-fourth Amendment
• Congress passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment in
  August 1962.
• The amendment banned states from taxing citizens
  to votefor example, poll taxes.
• It applied only to elections for president or
  Congress.

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Gaining Voting Rights

• Freedom Summer
• Hundreds of college students volunteered to spend
  the summer registering African Americans to vote.
• The project was called Freedom Summer.
• Most of the trainers were from poor, southern
  African American families.
• Most of the volunteers were white, northern, and
  upper middle class.
• Volunteers registered voters or taught at summer
  schools.

• Crisis in Mississippi
• Andrew Goodman, a Freedom Summer volunteer, went
  missing on June 21, 1964.
• Goodman and two CORE workers had gone to inspect
  a church that had recently been bombed.
• President Johnson ordered a massive hunt for the
  three men. Their bodies were discovered near
  Philadelphia, Mississippi.
• 21 suspects were tried in federal court for
  violating civil rights laws.

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The Missing Three
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The Results of Project Freedom Summer
Organizers considered Mississippis Freedom
Summer project a success.
The Freedom Schools taught 3,000 students. More
than 17,000 African Americans in Mississippi
applied to vote.
State elections officials accepted only about
1,600 of the 17,000 applications. This helped
show that a federal law was needed to secure
voting rights for African Americans.
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How did African American political organizing
become a national issue?
Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights
leaders wanted to help President Johnson defeat
Republican Barry Goldwater in the 1962
election. These leaders agreed to suspend their
protests until after election day.
SNCC leaders refused, saying they wanted to
protest segregation within the Democratic Party.
SNCC helped form the Mississippi Freedom
Democratic Party. They elected sixty-eight
delegates to the Democratic National Convention
and asked to be seated instead of the all-white
delegation sent by the states Democratic Party.
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Political Organizing
Fannie Lou Hamer told the conventions
credentials committee why the MFDP group should
represent Mississippi.
President Johnson offered a compromisetwo
members of the MFDP delegation would be seated
and the rest would be non-seated guests of the
convention. The NAACP and SCLC supported the
compromise. SNCC and the MFDP rejected the
compromise.
The MFDPs challenge failed in the end. It also
helped widen a split that was developing in the
civil rights movement.
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The Voting Rights Act

• Selma Campaign
• King organized marches in Selma, Alabama, to gain
  voting rights for African Americans.
• King and many other marchers were jailed.
• Police attacked a march in Marion.
• King announced a four-day march from Selma to
  Montgomery.

• Selma March
• 600 African Americans began the 54-mile march.
• City and state police blocked their way out of
  Selma.
• TV cameras captured the police using clubs,
  chains, and electric cattle prods on the marchers.

• Voting Rights Act
• President Johnson asked for and received a tough
  voting rights law.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed in Congress
  with large majorities.
• Proved to be one of the most important pieces of
  civil rights legislation ever passed.

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Selma March
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The Civil Rights Movement Expands to the North

• The civil rights movement had done much to bring
  an end to de jure segregationor segregation by
  law.
• However, changes in law had not altered attitudes
  and many were questioning nonviolent protest as
  an effective method of change.
• In most of America there was still de facto
  segregationsegregation that exists through
  custom and practice rather than by law.
• African Americans outside the South also faced
  discriminationin housing, by banks, in
  employment.

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Expanding the Movement

• Conditions outside the South
• Most African Americans outside the South lived in
  cities.
• African Americans were kept in all-black parts of
  town because they were unwelcome in white
  neighborhoods.
• Discrimination in banking made home ownership and
  home and neighborhood improvements difficult.
• Job discrimination led to high unemployment and
  poverty.

• Urban Unrest
• Frustration over the urban conditions exploded
  into violence.
• Watts (Los Angeles) in 1965
• Detroit in 1967
• President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission
  to study the causes of urban rioting.
• Placed the blame on poverty and discrimination

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The Movement Moves North
The riots convinced King that the civil rights
movement needed to move north. He focused on
Chicago in 1966.
The eight month Chicago campaign was one of
Kings biggest failures. Chicagos African
Americans did not share his civil rights
focustheir concerns were economic.
King discovered that some northern whites who had
supported him and criticized racism in the South
had no interest in seeing it exposed in the North.
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Fractures in the civil rights movement

• Conflict among the diverse groups of the civil
  rights movement developed in the 1960s.
• Many SNCC and CORE members were beginning to
  question nonviolence.
• In 1966 SNCC abandoned the philosophy of
  nonviolence.
• Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black
  Panther Party and called for violent revolution
  as a means of African American liberation.
• Malcolm X and the Black Muslims were critical of
  King and nonviolence.

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Fractures in the Movement

• Black Power
• Stokely Carmichael became the head of SNCC.
• SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence.
• Black Power became the new rallying cry.
• Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves
  to solve problems.

• Black Panthers
• The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland,
  California, in 1966.
• Called for violent revolution as a means of
  African American liberation.
• Members carried guns and monitored African
  American neighborhoods to guard against police
  brutality.

• Black Muslims
• Nation of Islam was a large and influential group
  who believed in Black Power.
• Message of black nationalism, self-discipline,
  and self-reliance.
• Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and
  black pride.

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Malcolm X

• In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm
  discovered that orthodox Muslims preach equality
  among races.
• Malcolms new knowledge and growing distrust with
  the NOI, caused him to desert his argument that
  all Whites are the devil.
• In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black
  Muslim at a New York City rally.

• Born in Omaha Nebraska
• Father was killed by White Supremacist
• Key leader in the Nation of Islam
• Malcolm X made constant accusations of racism and
  demanded violent actions of self defense
• Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect
  everyone but if someone puts his hand on you,
  send him to the cemetery.

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Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X
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The Death of Martin Luther King Jr.
King became aware that economic issues must be
part of the civil rights movement.
King went to Memphis, Tennessee to help striking
sanitation workers. He led a march to city
hall. James Earl Ray shot and killed King as he
stood on the balcony of his motel.
Within hours, rioting erupted in more than 120
cities. Within three weeks, 46 people were dead,
some 2,600 were injured, and more than 21,000
were arrested.
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The Civil Rights Movement after Martin Luther
King Jr.
King realized that most African Americans were
prevented from achieving equality because they
were poor.
Ralph Abernathy, the new leader of the SCLC, led
thousands of protesters to the nations capital
as part of the Poor Peoples Campaign.
The campaign turned out to be a disaster. Bad
weather and terrible media relations marred the
campaign. The campaign also failed to express
clearly the protesters needs and demands.
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The Black Power Movement

• The civil rights movement took place at the
  height of the Cold War.
• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover created a secret
  program to keep an eye on groups that caused
  unrest in American society.
• Hoover considered King and the Black Power
  movement a threat to American society.
• The FBI infiltrated civil rights movement groups
  and worked to disrupt them.
• Spread false rumors that the Black Panthers
  intended to kill SNCC members
• Forged harmful posters, leaflets, and
  correspondence from targeted groups

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The Decline of Black Power

• SNCC
• SNCC collapsed with the help of the FBI.
• H. Rap Brown, the leader who replaced Stokely
  Carmichael as the head of SNCC, was encouraged to
  take radical and shocking positions.
• Brown was encouraged to take these positions by
  his staffmany of whom worked for the FBI.
• Membership declined rapidly.

• The Black Panthers
• Believed violent revolution was the only way to
  receive freedom.
• Urged African Americans to arm themselves
• Hoover was particularly concerned about the Black
  Panthers.
• Police raided Black Panther headquarters in many
  cities.
• Armed conflict resulted, even when Black Panther
  members were unarmed.
• By the early 1970s, armed violence had led to the
  killing or arrest of many Black Panther members.

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Civil Rights Changes in the 1970s

• Civil Rights Act of 1968banned discrimination in
  the sale or rental of housing (also called the
  Fair Housing Act)
• Busing and political changeto speed the
  integration of city schools, courts began
  ordering that some students be bused from their
  neighborhood schools to schools in other areas
• Busing met fierce opposition in the North.
• Busing was a major cause of the migration of
  whites from cities to suburbs.
• This development increased the political power of
  African Americans in the cities.
• Affirmative actionprograms that gave preference
  to minorities and women in hiring and admissions
  to make up for past discrimination against these
  groups

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The New Black Power

• Black Power took on a new form and meaning in the
  1970s.
• African Americans became the majority in many
  counties in the South.
• African Americans were elected to public office.
• African Americans who played roles in the civil
  rights movement provided other services to the
  nation
• Thurgood Marshal became Supreme Courts first
  African American justice.
• John Lewis represented the people of Alabama in
  Congress.
• Andrew Young became Georgias first African
  American member of Congress since Reconstruction,
  U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, and mayor
  of Atlanta.
• Jesse Jackson founded a civil rights organization
  called Operation PUSH and campaigned for the
  Democratic presidential nomination in the 1980s.

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Social Issues and Changes of the 60s
54
Flower Power

• Flower Power referred to an ideology centered
  around peace and nonviolence.
• Kent State Shooting
• Why did it happen and what impact did it have?

55
J. Edgar Hoover

• How did he stay in control for so long?
• Harassed political dissenters and activists.
• Had secret files on political leaders.
• What is wiretapping and how did Hoover use it to?

• First Director of the Federal Bureau of
  Investigation (FBI)
• 1924-1972 Controlled the FBI

56
Rachel Carsons Silent Spring

• Carson was a former U.S. Fish and Wildlife
  biologist
• Investigated DDT

• DDT proved just as effective as an agricultural
  insecticide.
• Also could poison an areas plant life, water
  supply, and wildlife.
• Her book Silent Spring exposed the environmental
  impact DDT had.
• Led to the Government regulation of
  insecticides.
• Led to modern environmental movement.

57
Cesar Chavez

• Labor activists had tried to organize Hispanic
  farm workers.
• United Farm Workers (UFW)

• Organized a boycott of California grapes that
  continued for five years.
• 1970, the grape growers finally agreed to a
  contract.
• Helped to earn Hispanics a more prominent place
  in organized labor.

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JFK

• Jack Ruby kills Oswald before trial takes place.
• Warren Commission findings
• Who killed JFK?
• Former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy was talking
  with a journalist. She described the years of her
  husband's presidency as an American Camelot, a
  period of hope and optimism in U. S. history, and
  asked that his memory be preserved.

• Impact of 1960 Election. TV impact?
• Youngest President
• 1st Catholic President
• Assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas,
  Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald.

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Robert Bobby Kennedy RFK

• Served as Attorney General for his brother.
• Stepped down from position to run for Senator for
  NY.

• Won the bid for the Democratic National Primary
  for President.
• Shot and killed following a victory speech.
• What impact did the killing of JFK, RFK, and MLK
  have on society?

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Youth International Party

• Highly theatrical, anti-authoritarian and
  anarchist youth movement.
• Known for street theater and politically-themed
  pranks
• According to ABC News, "The group was known for
  street theater pranks and was once referred to as
  the Groucho Marxists'."

• Called the Yippies, was a radically
  youth-oriented and countercultural revolutionary
  offshoot of the free speech and anti-war
  movements

61
Carl Oglesby

• Let Us Shape the Future, delivered at an
  antiwar rally in Washington 1965, considered a
  landmark of American political rhetoric. In it,
  he condemned the corporate liberalism.
• we make no real effort at all to crack through
  the much more vicious right-wing tyrannies that
  our businessmen traffic with and our nation
  profits from every day.
• Proposed S.D.S. collaborate with the
  conservative group Young Americans for Freedom on
  antiwar demonstrations very unpopular.
• Later voted out of leadership. S.D.S would turn
  into the Weather Underground.

• Leader of Students for a Democratic Society
• Opposed the Vietnam War

62
Ralph Nader

• In 1965 with the publication of Unsafe at Any
  Speed, a critique of the safety record of
  American automobile manufacturers in general.
• Book was ranked 38 of 100 most influential pieces
  of journalism in the 20th century.
• 6 time Presidential Candidate
• Has run on the Green Party ticket.

• American political activist
• Focused on consumer protection, humanitarianism,
  environmentalism, and democratic government.

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Social Issues and Changes of the 70s
64
Henry Kissinger

• Opening of China
• 1972 Summit
• Ends 23 years of diplomatic isolation and
  mutual hostility.
• Diplomacy led to economic and cultural
  exchanges between the two sides

• Paris Peace Accords of 1973
• National Security Advisor and later Secretary of
  State Henry Kissinger negotiates the treaty for
  the US to end the Vietnam War.
• Wins Nobel Peace Prize

65
OPEC

• How do they control prices?
• How much power does OPEC have? Ex. Oil Embargo
  1973.

• Intergovernmental organization of 12
  oil-producing countries
• Goal to pursue ways and means of ensuring the
  stabilization of prices in international oil
  markets.
• OPEC became effective in determining production
  and prices.

66
Nixon

• Initiated Détente
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
• Wars on cancer and drugs
• Wage and price controls
• Desegregation of Southern schools
• Established the Environmental Protection Agency.
• Watergate Scandal
• Nixon Resigns
• Ford pardons Nixon

• VP for Eisenhower for 8 years.
• Elected President in 1968.

67
1970s Stagflation

• Stagflation can result when the productive
  capacity of an economy is reduced by an
  unfavorable supply shock. An ex. is increase in
  the price of oil for an oil importing country.
  Such an unfavorable supply shock tends to raise
  prices at the same time that it slows the economy
  by making production more costly and less
  profitable.

• Impact of wage and price controls. Nixon.
• 1973 Oil Crisis
• Energy Shortage
• Resulted in actual or relative scarcity of
  raw materials. The price controls resulted in
  shortages at the point of purchase.

68
Carters Energy Conservation Policy

• SALT II
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Iran hostage crisis
• Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident
• 1979 Energy Crisis

• In television speech moral equivalent of war.
• Solar water heating panels.
• Turn down heat or use less AC.
• Impact of policies?

69
ERA and NOW

• National Organization of Women
• Founded in 1966.
• Supported the ERA in 1972.
• Started a ratification campaigns in the 50
  states.
• The organization remains active in lobbying
  legislatures and media outlets on feminist
  issues.

• Equal Rights Amendments
• Started in 1923 by Alice Paul
• Felt the 19th amendment hadnt gone far enough to
  help women.
• "Equality of rights under the law shall not be
  denied or abridged by the United States or by any
  State on account of sex
• Introduced to congress for the first time in
  1972.
• In 1977 35 of 38 necessary states had ratified
  the amendment.
• By 1982 failed to ratified by enough states and
  was never adopted.

70
Social Issues and Changes of the 80s
71
Carter Loses Reelection Bid

• Ted Kennedys Dem. ambition to become President.
• Also had opposition from Center John Anderson and
  Right Ronald Reagan.

• Had to deal with Stagflation economy.
• Unemployment Rate 7.2
• Re-instating registration for the draft.
• Defeated by Ronald Reagan.

72
The Reagan Years

• "Reaganomics"
• Reduce tax rates
• Control money supply to reduce inflation
• Deregulation of the Economy
• Reducing government spending
• Inflation drops from 12.4 to 4.4.
• Unemployment from 7.5 to 5.4
• federal budget deficits and the national debt

• Invasion of Grenada
• 1986 bombing of Libya
• Iran-Contra affair
• Evil Empire comes to an end
• 40 real increase in defense spending

73
Warren Court vs Rehnquist Court

• Liberal Chief Justice
• Law as an instrument for obtaining equity and
  fairness
• Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil
  liberties, judicial power, and the federal power
  in dramatic ways.
• Ended racial segregation in the United States.
• Officially ended sanctioned voluntary prayer in
  public school.
• High point in judicial power

• Conservative Chief Justice
• Limit the power of the federal government .
• Increase the power of the state government.
• Thus relied on the 10th amendment. Federalism by
  providing that powers not granted to the federal
  government nor prohibited to the States by the
  Constitution are reserved to the States or the
  people
• If it wasnt in the constitution he wanted to
  stay away from it.

74
Social Issues and Changes of the 90s