Chapter 3 An Overview of Schooling in America

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Chapter 3An Overview of Schooling in America

• So You Want to be a Teacher? Teaching and
  Learning in the 21st Century
• Janice Koch
• Teaching by Sharleen L. Kato

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• A Brief History of American Public Education

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The Colonies

• Early colonial education began in the home in the
  1600s when Puritans established colonies in what
  is not the northeastern USA.
• Education was designed to further Puritan values
  and ensure that children were well versed in the
  Bible.
• Hornbooks a flat wooden board with a handle. A
  sheet of paperusually containing the alphabet, a
  prayer or two, and Roman numerals was pasted on
  the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal
  horn was Attached to cover and protect the paper.
  Used during the Colonial Period.

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Dame School

• The primary responsibility of educating children
  was placed on the family.
• New England families could opt to send there
  children to dame schools.
• Dame Schools in early America, schools run by
  women in their own homes, and parents paid a fee
  for their children to attend.

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• The woman would do her chores while teaching
  children their letters, numbers and prayers.
• This was the only form of education for girls
  since it was not important for their life work.

• After young boys finished dame schools they would
  become an apprentice.
• Apprentice is someone who learns a skilled trade
  by watching and helping someone in that trade.

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• Servings as an apprentice allowed boy to learn a
  skill to take into adulthood.
• Girls were taught domestic skills at home and
  learned to stitch letters.

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Latin Grammar School

• Latin Grammar Schools, the first opened in 1635,
  sons of upper social classes studied Latin and
  Greek language and literature as well as the
  Bible.
• To further boys education Harvard College was
  founded by the Puritans in 1636. The entry
  requirements were entrance exam that required
  reading and speaking Latin and Greek.

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• 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring formal
  education. It is known as the Old Deluder
  Satan Act, mandate that every town of 50
  households must appoint and pay a teacher of
  reading and writing, while every town of 100
  households must provide a grammar school to
  prepare youths for university.
• The Latin grammar school is considered one of the
  forerunners of the American high schools.

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Geographical Differences in Colonial Education

• Where you lived had a great impact on the type of
  education that was available.
• In 1647, Northern Colonies, principally taught
  the Bible.
• Mid-Atlantic colonies, established various trades
  and apprenticeship programs.
• Southern Colonies (more rural). Wealthy
  plantation owners hired private tutors for their
  children. Young gentlemen were sent abroad to
  Europe for the education.

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Late Colonial Period

• Schools managed by private association, often
  devoted to the skills needed for a specific type
  of job.
• Religious schools, sponsored by churches for
  their members. Some churches also established
  charity schools for the urban poor.
• Few private academies offering secondary
  education with a broader curriculum than the
  early Latin grammar school.

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• Several options required tuitions, others were
  paid for by public funds, and some were funded by
  a combination of both.
• Girls still had little education. Native
  Americans and African Americans practically had
  NO EDUCATION.
• Poor families had to sign a Paupers Oath.
  Many families choose to leave their children
  illiterate rather than suffer the shame of this
  type of public admission.

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The New Nation

• 1700s, efforts were made to consolidate schools
  and make education mandatory throughout the new
  nation.
• 1785, Congress enacted the Land Ordinance Act and
  the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. These measures
  set aside land for public schools.
• Schools were one room with benches and a stove.
  Desk and blackboards came years later. No
  grades were given and one teacher worked with
  several age levels at the same time.

One Room Schoolhouse
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The Academy

• Thomas Jefferson

• Benjamin Franklin

• If common people were well
• educated, they could take part in
• democratic government, and it
• would thrive. He introduced
• legislation to divide counties into
• smaller districts that were
• responsible for a public system of
• education. He wanted to make sure
• that elementary schools were
• available without cost. He also
• established the University of
• Virginia.

• He began the first public library.
• He worked to expand educational
• opportunities to anyone who could
• pay the tuition and attend,
• regardless of their religious beliefs.
• He influenced schools to teach good
• citizenship and a wide variety of
• subjects.

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• In 1751, Ben Franklin established the academy.
  The Academy is a type of private secondary school
  that allow students to choose subjects (science,
  math, athletics, navigation, and bookkeeping)
  appropriate to their later careers.
• The Franklin Academy in Philadelphia was open to
  both girls and boysif the parent could afford
  the tuition.
• Academies changed the model for secondary schools
  by offering electives as well as required
  courses.

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Rise of the Common School

• Jefferson, Franklin, and others believed that the
  new democracy required and educated citizenry for
  its survival. They felt the citizens should be
  informed and the education system should allow
  people to succeed on the basis of skill and
  dedication rather than inherited privilege.

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• Common schools public, tax supported
• elementary school available to children
• from all levels of Society. Horace Mann is
• considered the father of the public school.
• Curriculum included reading, writing, and
• arithmetic, history, science and
• Some Bible reading of the
• King James version of the Bible.

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• Catholic immigrants objected to common schools
  and begun the Parochial schools. A school
  operated by a religious group.
• In 1963, the US Supreme Court ruled that prayers
  and Bible readings could no longer be allowed in
  public schools.
• To ensure kids went to school and not to work,
  attendance laws came into existence. These laws
  were adopted by each state beginning with
  Massachusetts in 1852 and ending with Alaska in
  1929.

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Expansion of Public Schools

• By took hold and became the 1890 Tax-supported
  public high schools dominate form of secondary
  education.
• Early 1900s, the junior high school was
  established to bridge the gap, concentrating on
  the emotional and intellectual needs of students
  (7th-9th grade).
• In the 1950s, middle schools was established for
  5th 8th grade. By the end of the 20th century
  the middle school was replacing the junior high
  school.

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• In the early 1800s school lasted 75-80 days. In
  today's time that would mean school would last
  until December 3rd.
• The remainder of the time the family used to work
  the farm.
• By 1890 over 70 of children were attending
  school.
• We can celebrate that our nation grew with more
  people attending school.
• More diverse students are graduating from high
  school and going on the postsecondary education
  than ever before.

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The Role Horace Mann Played

• The first public state-supported schools were
  established, giving the same education to people
  from different levels of Society.
• He established teacher training schools. He
  advocated the
• establishment of free libraries. He increased
  state funding for public
• schools by using state taxes to pay for
  education.
• He believed schools should be nonsectarian and
  not teach any specific belief system.

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Teacher Education and the Development of Normal
Schools

• Horace Mann promoted normal schools.
• Normal schools prepared men and women with the
  necessary skills to become teachers. They begun
  in the 1830s.
• They were two-year institutions taught courses in
  history and philosophy of education and methods
  of teaching.
• They were to develop more qualified teachers.
• By the end of the 1800s, these schools became
  four-year colleges dedicated to teacher
  education.

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Normal Schools and Female Teachers

• Normal schools played a major role in brining
  women into the teaching profession.
• In the early days of American education,
  schoolmasters were almost always male.

• School teachers of the late 1800s looked sharp
  in their work attire as witnessed in this photo
  of grandaunt Julia Drew and her friend Mertie
  Gracie. 
• http//www.famhist.us/2011/09/19/school-teachers-o
  f-the-1800s/

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• It was assumed that they were incapable of
  maintaining the discipline necessary to teach
  effectively.
• Normal schools, welcomed female students and make
  elementary school teaching a career path form
  many women.

• By 1900, 71 of rural teachers were women.

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Gender Roles in Teaching

• In the 1900s, teaching became more attractive for
  women.
• There were considerable constraints on women who
  became teachers, chief among them there were not
  allowed to marry.
• It was believed that a married woman would have
  divided loyalties if they were allowed to marry
  while being teachers. After WWII it changed.

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• By the 1950s, the teaching profession had become
  a female-dominated, feminized profession in
  many peoples eyes.
• The overall percentage of men in teaching has
  declined significantly since the 1960s.

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The Tuskegee Normal School and the Education of
African Americans

• It took a long time for African Americans to
  achieve equal opportunity and access to a quality
  education.
• Booker T. Washington, in 1881 became the first
  head of what was then the Tuskegee Normal School
  for Colored Teachers. Later renamed the Tuskegee
  Institute.
• Under his leadership they prepared African
  American teachers to be self-reliant, and to
  acquire practical vocational skills.

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• Competing Visions Efforts to Rethink and Reform
  Education

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The High School Curriculum

• 1892, the National Education Association (NEA)
  appointed the Committee of Ten to determine the
  proper curriculum for high schools.
• They recommended
• 8 yrs of elementary school
• 4 yrs of high school

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• The high school curriculum had courses for
  college bound and terminal students.
• The courses included foreign language, history,
  math, science and English.
• 1918, NEA recommended four tracks for H.S.
• College preparatory
• Commercial (bookkeeping, shorthand, typing)
• Industrial (prep for agriculture, trade, and
  domestic)
• General academic

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• Federal State Efforts at Educational Reform
• Funding, Priorities, Standards

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Separate but Equal?
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• African Americans were denied the right to an
  education when this country was new and evolving.
• Schools that did develop after the Civil War was
  separate, only for black children.

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• 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson,
  separate but equal public facilities for
  different races were legal.
• They did not share equally in the resource
  available for public schooling in most
  locations, they had fewer tax dollars and
  inferior conditions.

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• 1954 with the case of Brown v. Board of Education
  of Topeka, Kansas.
• In this case the Supreme Court of the USA ruled
  unanimously that separate schools for whites and
  blacks were inherently unequal because the
  effects of such separate schooling are likely to
  be different.
• Schools could not remain segregated.

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• The efforts toward integration had a significant
  impact, but there was much turmoil and
  resistance.
• Numerous educators argue that de facto
  segregation still exists today in may cities and
  especially in suburban America.

• The Civil Rights Act (1964), reinforced the
  importance of creating educational opportunities
  for all Americans regardless of race, gender, or
  ethnicity.
• The Bilingual Education Act of 1968/1974 gave
  funding to school districts that established
  programs for children with limited
  English-language ability.

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The Elementary and Secondary Act

• EASA was passed in 1965. Provided federal
  financing of schools in America.
• Every 5 years since it was enacted it has been
  reauthorized.
• Federal government distribute funds to the each
  state then the state, the state identify the
  schools/districts to receive the funds.

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• Title 1 is the section of federal education law
  that provides funds for compensatory education.
  Compensatory education are services designed
  specifically to create better opportunities for
  students with disadvantages. For instance
• Tutoring and other supplemental academic
  instruction
• Head start
• After School centers
• Computer labs for economically disadvantage
  schools
• Dropout prevention
• Job training
• Parental education
• Professional development for teachers

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• The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) OF 2001
  revised the ESEA and called for states to develop
  content-area standards and annual testing of math
  and reading in grades 3-8.
• Schools with poor test scores risk the
  possibility of being closed.
• This also gives parents a choice about where
  their children go to school.

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Title IX

• Title IX, part of the Education Amendments of
  1972, is a federal law that prohibits
  discrimination on the basis of sex in any federal
  funded education program or activity.
• It protects the rights of males and females from
  Pre-K through graduate school in sports,
  financial aid, employment, counseling, an school
  regulations and policies.

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• A great impact of Title IX is on girls sports
  activities and facilities it requires that
  schools provide equal opportunities, funding, and
  facilities for boys and girls teams.

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A Nation at Risk

• In 1983, the National Commission on Excellence in
  Education issued a report called, A Nation At
  Risk The Imperative for Education Reform.
• The report called for tougher standards for
  graduation, increases in required number of math
  and science courses, higher college entrance
  requirements, and a return to academic basics.

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• Increase in the amount of homework given, longer
  school day, more rigorous requirements for
  teachers, and updated textbooks.
• The at risk wording implied that the USA would
  lose it global competitive edge if the reforms
  were not carried out.

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The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)

• Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) is the
  federal law that guarantees that all children
  with disabilities receive free, appropriate
  public education.
• Before 1975 there were no such laws. Often they
  were taught in separate classrooms, and provided
  with watered down curricula.

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• Strong efforts have been made to include students
  with disabilities in regular classrooms. This is
  known as inclusion.
• There are some classes where students with
  learning disabilities are integrated with general
  education students as much as possible.

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Types of Learning Disabilities

• Dyslexia
• Dysgraphia
• Dyscalculia
• Dyspraxia (Sensory Integration Disorder)
• Nonverbal Learning Disability
• CAPD (Central Auditory Processing Disorder)
• Visual Processing Disorder
• ADD or ADHD (Attention Deficit Disorder)
• Autism

Resource Information http//drlindasblog.com/list-
of-learning-disabilities/
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• Partial inclusion is when special education
  students are in class with general/regular ed.
  students some of the time.
• Self-contained class where students stay in one
  room all day and have instruction.

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Standards-Based Education Reform

• In 1990s, States were asked to prepare content
  standards based on the national guidelines and to
  create assessments to match the standards.
• Current era, is dominated by standards-based
  school reform and assessments. It is driven by
  No Child Left Behind, 2002.

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• It is a model of considerable rigor,
  accountability, and strict benchmarks for student
  learning.
• Today, teachers and administrators often find
  they have relatively little freedom to vary the
  curriculum of even the order in which topics are
  taught.