Eman Shaker

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Eman Shaker
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• Treatment of polluted soil with lead by
  Bio-phytoremediation technique

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Supervisors

• Dr. Mohammed Elanwar Osman
• Professor of Plant Physiology, Botany
  Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University
• Dr. Mohammed Ismail Elshahawy
• Professor of Soil, Water and Environment,
  Research Department, Agricultural Research Sakha
  Station
• Dr. Soad El-Feky
• A. Professor of Plant Physiology, Botany
  Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University

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The objectives of this study are

• studying the effect of different pb levels on
  growth and some stress markers and metabolic
  activities in flax tissues.
• Studying the ability of flax plant to accumulate
  and tolerate high concentrations of pb which are
  often associated in polluted areas.
• Studying the ameliorative effect of some
  biofeltilizers on growth, metabolic activities
  and yield of flax grown under high
  concentrations of pb.

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• The objectives are to discuss the potential of
  phytoremediation technique on treating heavy
  metal-contaminated side, to provide a brief view
  about heavy metals uptake mechanisms by plant, to
  give some description about the performance of
  several types of plants to uptake heavy metals
  and to describe the fate of absorbed pb metal in
  plant tissue.

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The Proplem

• Since the dawn of the Industrial revolution,
  mankind has been introducing numerous hazardous
  compounds into the environment at an exponential
  rate.
• These hazardous pollutants consist of a variety
  of organic compounds and heavy metals, which pose
  serious risks to human health.
• Heavy metals are primarily a concern because they
  cannot be destroyed by degradation. Frequently,
  the remediation of contaminated soils,
  groundwater, and surface water requires the
  removal of toxic metals from contaminated areas .

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• Heavy metals
• In an ecological research, any metal or metalloid
  that causes environmental problem which cannot be
  biologically degraded should be considered as a
  heavy metal. several HMs has reached toxic levels
  due to consequence of anthropogenic activities.
  (Padmavathiamma and Loretta,
  2007)
• Fifty three elements fall into the category of
  heavy metal till date and defined as the group of
  elements whose densities are higher than 5 g cm3
  and recognized as ubiquitous environmental
  contaminants in industrialized societies .
  (Padmavathiamma and Loretta, 2007)
• The most common heavy metal contaminants are
  Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu) Mercury
  (Hg), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn).
  (Lasat et al., 2001)

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• Lead
• lead represent one of the most frequently
  distributed heavy metal pollutants on
  agriculturally exploited soils.
  ( Miroslav, et al., 2005)
• Among heavy metals, lead is considered one of the
  dangerous environmental pollutants in soil,
  sediments, air and water and considered one of
  the most difficult pollutants to control. Over
  recent decades, the annual worldwide release of
  lead 783,000 t . (Abdul Ghani, 2010)

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• Sources of Lead
• Frequent use in many industrial processes is the
  main reason for lead contamination of the
  environment such as mining, smelting, manufacture
  of pesticides and fertilizers, dumping of
  municipal sewage and the burning of fossil fuels
  that contain a lead additive.
• Many commercial products and materials also
  contain lead including paints, ceramic glazes,
  television glass, batteries, medical and
  electrical equipment .
• The uses of lead for roofing and the production
  of ammunition has increased from previous years .
• Total annual emission of lead by motor vehicles
  industrial plants alone throughout the world
  amounts more than half a million ton.
• (Sharma and Dubey, 2005).

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• Health Effects
• Lead is not only a toxic element but also can be
  accumulated in plant organs and agricultural
  products. (El-Beltagy, 1998)
• Also, introduction of this metal to man and
  animals through drinking water or food will help
  in occurring many diseases to them such as renal
  failure, brain and liver damage. (Abdul Ghani,
  2010)

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• The effect of pb on plants has been studied by
  several workers-
• Soils contaminated with Pb cause sharp decreases
  in crop productivity thereby posing a serious
  problem for agriculture. (Johnson and
  Eaton,1980)
• At a high Pb content in soil, photosynthesis can
  also be reduced due to both a lower carboxylase
  activity and the effects on metabolites of the
  carbon reduction cycle. (Carlson et al., 1995)

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• Enhanced level of lead in soil caused significant
  reduction in plant height, root-shoot ratio, dry
  weight, nodule per plant, chlorophyll content in
  Vigna radiata. (Bekiaroglou
  and Karatagli, 2002)
• Pb toxicity leads to decreases germination
  percent, length and dry mass of root and shoots,
  disturbed mineral nutrition and reduction in cell
  division. (Paivoke, 2002)
• Exposure of maize varieties to excess Pb resulted
  in a significant root growth inhibition though
  shoot growth remained less affected. (Abdul
  Ghani, 2010)

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• Several methods are already being used to clean
  up the environment from contaminants such as
  heavy metals, but most of them are costly and far
  away from their optimum performance such as
  chemical and thermal methods. Both technically
  difficult and expensive that all of these methods
  can also degrade the valuable component of soils
  .
• In recent years, scientists and engineers have
  started to generate cost effective technologies
  which includes use of microorganisms/ biomass or
  live plants for cleaning of polluted areas called
  phytoremidiation.
• (Qui et al., 2006)

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phytoremediation

• Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up
  a contamination from soils, sediments, and water.
  Plants with exceptional metal-accumulating
  capacity are known as hyperaccumulator plants.
  (Tangahu, 2011)
• The hyperaccumulators
• Hyperaccumulators are model plants for
  phytoremediation as they are tolerant to heavy
  metals. Metals hyperaccumulation and tolerance
  are genetically inherited traits. Plants possess
  a range of potential cellular mechanisms that may
  be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals
  and thus tolerance to metal stress. (Sarma ,
  2011)

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• Types of phytoremediation technology
• Each having a different mechanism of action
  for remediating metal-polluted soil, sediment or
  water
• Phytoextraction Plants absorb metals from soil
  through the root system and translocate them to
  harvestable shoots where they accumulate.
  Pollutants accumulated in stems and leaves are
  harvested with accumulating plants and removed
  from the site.
• Phytovolatilization In this process, the soluble
  contaminants are taken up with water by the
  roots, transported to the leaves, and volatized
  into the atmosphere through the stomata.

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• Phytostabilization In this process, the plant
  roots and microbial interactions can immobilized
  organic and some inorganic contaminants by
  binding them to soil particles and as a result
  reduce migration of contaminants to grown water.
• Phytofiltration Phytofiltration is the use of
  plants roots (rhizofiltration) or seedlings
  (blastofiltration) to absorb or adsorb
  pollutants, mainly metals, from water and aqueous
  waste Streams.
• Phytodegradation contaminants are taken up from
  soil/water, metabolized in plant tissues and
  broken up to less toxic or non-toxic compounds
  within the plant by several metabolic processes
  via the action of compounds produced by the
  plant.
• (Sarma , 2011 )

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The mechanisms of heavy metals uptake by plant
through phytoremediation technology. (Tangahu,
2011)
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Advantages of phytoremediation technology.
(Tangahu, 2011)
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The limitation of phytoremediation technology.
(Tangahu, 2011)
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• The presented project is focused on
  utilization of some industrial crops as models
  for phytoremediation problems
• Fiber crops are suitable for phytoremediation
  studies because they easily accumulate heavy
  metals, and, in addition, they need not
  necessarily to be processed in food chain, but
  they can be used for production of textile,
  paper, paints or as a substitute of synthetic
  materials in car and aviation industry as well as
  for non-woven textile production. There is a
  possibility to use these plants as a fuel for
  energy production. (Bjelkova, 1999)
• Fiber crops represent a promising group of plant
  species in phytoremediation of heavy metals due
  to the possibility of the use of contaminated
  biomass for a plethora of industrial products.
  (Bjelkova, 2003)

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Flax
(Linum usitatissimum)
Flax (also known as common flax or
linseed) Botanicalname Linumu sitatissimu
Family Linaceae (Linseed family)
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• Flax is suitable for growing in industrially
  polluted regions. They remove considerable
  quantities of heavy metals from the soil with
  their root system and can be used as potential
  crops for cleaning the soil from heavy metals.
  (Angelova, et al., 2004)
• Flax as an industrial crop utilized mainly for
  technical purposes is a good candidate for heavy
  metal phytoextraction from polluted soils.
  (Griga, et al., 2009)
• Flax which is a culture plant, is grown in order
  to benefit from fiber and fat . Flax production
  is done approximately 5-6 million hectares in
  the world .70 of this production is to produce
  oil and the rest is to produce fiber.
  (Tulukcu and Akay, 2010)

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• Flax as hyperaccumulator are represented by
  several reserches
• In the uptake and accumulation of Cd and Pb. both
  fiber flax and linseed well tolerated elevated
  heavy metal soil concentrations without dramatic
  effect on the plant growth and development. (
  Miroslav, et al., 2005)
• Significant differences in Cd accumulation and
  tolerance were found among commercial flax
  cultivars as phytoremediation potential.
  (Hradilova, et al., 2010)

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• Even high soil Cd concentrations
  (1000 mg Cd kg-1 soil) had not dramatic negative
  effect on plant growth and development in flax.
  (Bjelkova, et al., 2011)
• Flax and linseed varieties variously accumulated
  particular metallic elements, the highest
  concentrations were recorded for Zn,
  followed by the Pb and Cd.
• ( Bjelkova, et al., 2011)

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• Biofertilizers
• Biofertilizers are compounds that enrich the
  nutrient quality of soil by the use of
  microorganisms which have a symbiotic
  relationship with the plants. The main sources of
  biofertilizers are bacteria, fungi, and
  cynobacteria (blue-green algae).
• Biofertilizers are cost effective and renewable
  source of plant nutrients to supplement the
  chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
  
• (Mishra and Dadhich, 2010)

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• Compost
• Composting is a biological process in which
  organic biodegradable wastes are converted into
  hygienic, hums rich product (compost) for use as
  a soil conditioner and an organic fertilizer.
  (Popkin, 1995)
• The addition of municipal solid waste compost to
  agricultural soils has beneficial effects on crop
  development and yields by improving soil physical
  and biological properties. (Zheljazkov and
  Warman, 2004)