LIGHTING RETROFIT STRATEGIES AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

1
BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY

• Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild
  America Business Partners and
• Philips Lighting Company

2
Lamp Terminology

• Lumen (lm)
• Total quantity of light produced independent
  of direction
• Candlepower (cp)
• Quantity of light emitted in a specific
  direction
• Illumination
• Quantity of light falling on a surface measured
  in footcandles
• Footcandle (fc)
• Amount of lumens falling on an area (lm/sf)

3
Lamp Terminology

• Lux (lx)
• Metric equivalent of the footcandle. 1 fc 10
  lx
• Color Temperature (Kelvin, K)
• The apparent color of a lamp expressed in Kelvin
• 3000K Warm White
• 4100K Cool White
• Color Rendering Index (CRI)
• Measure from 0 - 100 of how well a lamp renders
  color based on incandescent being 100 (best).

4
Lamp Terminology

• Lumen Maintenance
• How well a lamp maintains light output over
  life. Usually shown as a percentage.

5
Lamp Sizing

• Based on diameter at widest point
• All lamp types follow this format
• Sizes are described in 1/8 increments
• Examples
• A-19 19/8 2-3/8 diameter
• T-8 8/8 1 diameter
• PAR-38 38/8 4-3/4 diameter

6
Basic Lamp Types

• Incandescent
• Fluorescent
• High Intensity Discharge
• Mercury Vapor
• Metal Halide
• High Pressure Sodium
• Low Pressure Sodium
• Induction

7
Incandescent Lamps

• First electric light source ever used
• Light produced by heating a metal (filament)
• Utilizes various bases as determined by
  application
• Starts instantly
• Requires no re-strike time
• Available for operation at various voltages

8
Types of Incandescent Lamps

• Standard
• Halogen

9
Standard Lamps

• Yellow in appearance
• Most often found in residential applications
• Poor lumen maintenance due to blackening of
  bulb wall
• Applications
• General lighting
• Task lighting
• Accent lighting
• Flood lighting
• Specialty lighting

10
Halogen Lamps

• Provides white light
• Up to 50 more efficient than standard
  incandescent
• Up to 2.5 times the life than standard
  incandescent
• Bulb walls remain virtually clean due to halogen
  process
• Improved lumen maintenance

11
Halogen Process

• Halogen process provides the longer life and
  higher lumen maintenance
• Tungsten evaporates from the filament and
  condenses on bulb wall
• Tungsten atom combines with the halogen atom to
  form tungsten-halogen molecule
• Floating molecule comes in the vicinity of the
  filament
• Very hot filament evaporates halogen
• Tungsten re-deposited on filament

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Halogen Lamp Applications

• Display and accent lighting
• General lighting
• Task lighting
• Floodlighting

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Incandescent Lamp Shapes
A-19 BR-40 ER-30 G-30
Arbitrary Bulged Reflector
Elliptical Reflector Globe
PAR-38 R-30 T-10
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
Reflector Tubular
14
Types of Fluorescent Lamps

• Pre-Heat
• Slimline
• Rapid Start
• High Output
• Very High Output
• Compact

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Pre-Heat Lamps

• Bi-pin base
• Utilize starter circuit
• Preheats electrodes in lamp before starting
• Starts in 2 to 3 seconds
• Example Old fluorescent desk lamp -- Hold down
  button to start
• F15T8, F30T8 (these are not the energy-efficient
  T8s)

16
Slimline Lamps

• Single pin base
• Lamps start instantly
• Ballast provides high voltage
• Found on 8 lamp type -- F96T12

17
Rapid Start Lamps

• Most common lamp type
• Bi-pin base
• Cathodes continuously heated
• Lamps start in 1 to 2 seconds with rapid start
  ballast
• Lamps start instantly with instant start ballast
• F32T8 is an example

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High Output

• Recessed double contact base
• Rapid start circuits
• Operate at 800 milliamperes
• Produce 40 more light as regular T12
• Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor
  applications
• F96T12/HO is a typical 8 lamp found

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Very High Output

• Recessed double contact base
• Rapid start circuits
• Operate at 1500 milliamperes
• Produce twice as much light as regular T12
• Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor
  applications
• F96T12/VHO is a typical 8 lamp found

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Energy-Efficient T12 Lamps

• Interchangeable with standard T12 lamps
• Operate at 15 to 20 lower wattage (i.e. 40 vs.
  34)
• Produce approximately 12 less lumens
• More efficient than standard lamps
• Will not operate to specification in temperatures
  below 60F

21
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• Energy-efficient replacement for many
  incandescent lamps
• Up to 75 energy savings
• About 4 times the efficacy
• Up to 13 times the life
• Operates similarly to standard fluorescent lamps
• Ballast required - internal or external
• High color rendering
• Excellent lumen maintenance - up to 90

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Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• Screw-in lamps
• Installed directly into incandescent sockets
• Integral electronic ballast in base
• Various sizes, shapes and wattages
• 82 CRI _at_ 2700K
• Dimmable available

23
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes
Universal A-Lamp
Reflector Globe
Table Outdoor Specialty
24
Compact Fluorescent Lamps

• Plug-in lamps
• Require new sockets
• Independent ballast system
• Various sizes, shapes and wattages
• Screw-in adapters available for some applications
• 82 CRI and various color temperatures
• Some are dimmable

25
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes
Double Tube Quad Tube Triple Tube
Low Wattage
Double Tube High Wattage
26
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

• Consist of 3 lamp types
• Mercury Vapor
• Metal Halide
• High Pressure Sodium
• Gases in lamp are under high pressure

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Mercury Vapor Lamps

• Oldest of the HID family Introduced in 1950
• Least efficient of the HID family 32 - 63 LPW
• 12,000 - 24,000 hour life
• Blue-green color light
• Applications
• Industrial
• Parking Areas
• Landscape
• Roadways
• Security

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Metal Halide Lamps

• Introduced in 1964
• Superior color rendering over mercury vapor
• Increased efficacy over mercury vapor 60-125 LPW
• 6,000 to 20,000 hours life
• Applications
• Industrial
• Commercial
• Flood Lighting
• Sports
• Street/Parking Lighting
• Retail

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High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

• Introduced in 1965
• Most efficient of HID family 65-140 LPW
• Poor color rendering
• Excellent life 10,000 - 30,000 hours
• Applications
• Industrial
• Warehouses
• Roadway
• Security
• Flood Lighting
• Parking lots

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Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps

• Lamp gases are under low pressure
• Highest efficacy of any light source up to 183
  LPW
• Monochromatic yellow light
• All objects appear gray
• Application
• Security
• Areas where high efficacy required and color
  rendition not a concern

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Operating Characteristics of HID LPS
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Induction Lighting

• 100,000 hour life
• Operates in temperature range of -30F to 130F
• High color rendering
• Available in various colors
• Operates using a magnetic field
• Vibration resistant

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Induction Lighting

• High power factor
• Cooler operation than HID sources
• Applications
• Problematic maintenance areas
• Security lighting
• Low bay
• Flood lighting
• Landscape lighting
• General lighting

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Range of Light Output (Lumens)
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Range of Rated Life (Hours)
36
Lamp Efficacy