A cultural hearth is a center area where ideas begin and then those ideas spread. They are areas from about 5000BC

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A cultural hearth is a center area where ideas
begin and then those ideas spread. They are
areas from about 5000BC Neolithic / Agricultural
revolution about 10,000 years ago people
stopped hunting and gathering and began to grow
food. Advances in agriculture lead to increased
crop production and more food. Not everyone needs
grow their own crops - one farmer can produce
enough crops to support more than one family.
This allows people to do things other than crop
raising, animal husbandry, hunting or gathering.
Because they are not farming people can
specialize in new activities - new ideas develop
and lead to advancements in science, astronomy,
mathematics, religion, art, and political
systems. These ideas then are spread to
surrounding areas.
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The white dashed line shows the extent of glacial
activity.
later culture hearths
culture hearths
The original humans spread from Africa into the
Middle East. From there, into Central Asia and
then north into Europe and south into India.
Humans then traveled south into the islands and
Australia and north into China and eastern
Russia. Humans then crossed the land bridge into
North America and traveled east to the New
England area and South into Middle and South
America.
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What did culture hearths have in common?

• Near a river
• in a temperate climate
• on arable land
• abundance of food

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Mesopotamia
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Mesopotamia - Present day Iraq
Mesopotamia is a region, not a country. The land
between 2 rivers the Tigris Euphrates.

• Achievements
• Code of Laws Hammurabis Code
• Writing Cuneiform
• System for calculating time and angles based on
  60 sexagesimal system

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Indus River Valley
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Indus River Valley - Present day Pakistan
The Indus River Valley spread and merged with the
Ganges River Valley in India.

• Achievements
• Town planning grid system for roads
• sanitation system covered drains
• water from wells
• granaries, docks, and warehouses
• uniform weights and measurements
• copper, bronze, lead, and tin

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Nile River Valley
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Nile River Valley present day Egypt

• Achievements
• mathematic advances
• reliable farming with irrigation
• engineering, mining, and plumbing
• pyramids
• medical - cures for diarrhea, burns,
  indigestion, cataracts, surgery, and
  mummification
• papyrus paper and hieroglyphics

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Yellow River Civilization
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Yellow River Civilization - present day China
Shang Dynasty

• Achievements
• wheel barrow, horse harness, row cultivation,
  and plow
• water chain pump (water goes up)
• metal casting
• Su Songs mechanical clock water-driven
  astronomical clock
• crossbow, rudder, gas lamp, block printing,
  abacus, paper, porcelain, silk, kites, playing
  cards

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Other things that have spread between cultures
(cultural diffusion)

• Disease
• Language
• Food
• Religion
• Ideas
• Inventions
• culture

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Urban Areas
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Urban having something to do with cities.
People make a living in ways other than farming.
Urban Areas
In the US cities have a population of 2,500 or
more with a government (mayor usually) cities
are defined differently all over the world.
What is an Urban Areas
Urban Functions Why do we have cities?

• Manufacturing
• Government national, state, provincial
  capitals.
• Transportation
• Trade/office generally will be located in a
  central area.
• Other functions
• - recreation ctrs
• - educational ctrs
• - religious ctrs

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Started about 6,000 years ago. First cities -
Mesopotamia (SW Asia)
History of Cities
along the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers - 4,000 BCE
Specialization started to develop - artisans -
merchants - farmers - ruling elite (military or
religious leaders)
Running the cities (usually the ruling
elite) - wrote the laws - levied taxes -
supervised public building
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Earliest Great City
Rome ctr of Roman Empire - built all over
Europe - roads still used today
- developed the grid system to lay out their
cities (later spread all over Europe) - brought
water from the mountains by aqueducts
Fall of the Roman Empire - invasion of Germanic
tribes
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after the fall of the Roman Empire Europe
entered the Dark Ages a time when Europes
culture did not advance. After about 700 years
villages and cities started to increase
again. Trade between the villages would develop
into large cities. Two of the largest cities
would be Paris and London.
Middle Ages
Machines began doing the work of humans.
started in the United Kingdom around 1740.
abundance of food people coal iron
ore The Industrial Revolution would spread to N.
America in the late 1700s. When humans have
more spare time they make more humans
Industrial Revolution
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Immigration 2nd Agricultural Revolution

• When new immigrants came to the US they settled
  in cities. Urbanization grew quickly in the 20th
  c.
• New farming techniques combines, tractors, etc.
  Made it easier for smaller numbers of people to
  feed more people.

Exact location
Site -actual physical features (landforms,
waterways, climate, etc.)
Situation -position of a place in relation to all
places around it.
Relative location
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These are characteristics of Site.
What factors do we need for a city?
Water (fresh) Abundant food source Fertile
land Good climate Natural protection
These are characteristics of Situation
Confluence
Near a trade center River for
transportation Located near natural
resources.
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A central business district (CBD) has areas
around it that supply it with raw materials,
people, and farm products called the
HINTERLAND. The hinterland relies on the CBD for
services and finished products.
Hinterland
CBD
Burgess Model
Suburbs areas around a city large central
city Metropolitan Area land of a central city
and all of its suburbs. Megalopolis large urban
areas that run together. (examples Boston to
Washington DC (Boswash) or Kobe, Osaka, and Kyoto
in Japan)
Other vocabulary
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• Upper Class earns or inherits wealth and owns
  a large share of the property in the society.
  They lead a luxurious lifestyle and often serve
  in leadership roles in the society.
• Middle Class This is the intermediate group of
  educated and mostly successful people managers,
  professionals, shop keepers, and small business
  owners.
• Working Class composed of manual workers who
  work in factories, mining, and transportation, or
  who work as independent craftsmen
• Peasants these are the farm workers or owners
  of small farms mainly engaged in subsistence
  agriculture. Little education and limited
  experience of the world outside the village.
• Lower Class often uneducated and unskilled.
  They take the least desirable and worst-paying
  jobs.

Social structure
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urban areas are warmer than rural areas. Cities
are URBAN HEAT ISLANDS (can be more than 3º
warmer) Buildings change wind patterns.
Urban Climate
Impact of Urban Development
People change the natural landscape to build the
city.- animal/plant habitats are destroyed -
arable land being used for development
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Urban Life
Common urban problems - unemployment -
providing services - racial/religious
conflict - environmental pollution - decline of
the CBD
World Patterns of Urban Development

• 48 of the worlds people live in urban areas.
• Developed countries 75
• Developing countries 35 live in cities
• Last 20 years in developing countries - rapid
  population growth.
• By 2025 60 of the worlds population will
  live in cities. All but one of the largest
  cities in the world will be in developing
  countries.

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institutions

• Cultures create institutions organizations
  developed by society to make social roles clear
  and to take care of social needs. These
  institutions are centered in cities.
• Schools teach values of society and prepare for
  adulthood
• Government protect from outsiders, promote
  social cooperation, and regulate behavior
• Religious centers teach values of society and
  guide proper behavior

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Energy

• Non-Renewable fossil fuels
• Coal, natural gas, petroleum
• Fossil fuels also used for petrochemical products
• Supplies of fossil fuels is a key factor for a
  countrys economic success.
• Unfortunately as fossil fuels are burned they
  release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which
  may be a contributing factor to global climate
  change.

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• Renewable Energy
• Water power hydroelectric power derived from
  running water (dams) over 10 of US energy
• Wind power wind turbines (modern windmill)
  create electricity. However takes many and large
  spaces to produce sufficient amounts.
• Geothermal power heat from Earths interior.
  Plants are built where volcanoes and hot springs
  are plentiful.
• Solar power energy from the sun. Special solar
  panels can absorb solar energy and convert it to
  electricity. However, panels are still expensive
  so the use of solar power is usually limited to
  upper class.

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Worlds 10 largest urban areas
1. Tokyo, Japan - 32,450,000 2. Seóul, South
Korea - 20,550,000 3. Mexico City, Mexico -
20,450,000 4. New York City, USA - 19,750,000
5. Mumbai, India - 19,200,000 6. Jakarta,
Indonesia - 18,900,000 7. Sáo Paulo, Brazil -
18,850,000 8. Delhi, India - 18,680,000 9.
Õsaka/Kobe, Japan - 17,350,000 10. Shanghai,
China - 16,650,000
Note - Houston has 6.2 million
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Tokyo Yokohama population 32,450,000 largest
urban area in the world. Tokyo is home to
Mitsubishi, Fuji, Nissan, and Tokyo Electron
Limited.
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Tokyo, Japan
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Seoul - 20,550,000 people very high population
density. Home to LG Group, Samsung, Kia, and
Hyudai
Seoul, South Korea
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20,450,000 million largest in Latin America.
Pemex (petroleum) and tourism are major industries
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Mexico City, Mexico
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New York City USAs largest city 19,750,000
people. Major publishing, textile, insurance,
real estate, retail, media, chemical, securities,
and financial centers make home here
New York City, USA
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Mumbai, India
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Mumbai 19,200,00 people Indias largest city
Mahim Bay is a tourist destination but others
live in poverty. Home to major tech support
centers, financial services, banking, textile,
and Hindi language film industries.
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Jakarta, Indonesia
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Jakarta, Indonesia people. The poor live on
floating houses and houses on stilts. Home to
insurance, government, textiles, and oil and gas
industries.
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10.6 million largest in Soouth America favela
(slums) population 612,000. Home to
petrochemical, tourism, telecommunications, food
beverage, and auto making companies
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Sao Paulo
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Delhi, India Indias second largest city
population is18,680,000 India has 1/6th of the
worlds people. Major information,
petrochemical, textile, and pharmaceutical
industries.
Delhi, India
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Õsaka/Kobe, Japan was once the capital. Now it
is an industrial giant population is 17,350,000.
Japan is very densely populated. Home to
financial services, Hitachi, publishing, and many
other electronic companies.
Osaka/Kobe, Japan
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Shanghai, China is Chinas largest city located
on the Yangtze River population 16,650,000.
Major manufacturing area specializing in
electronics and information products, ship
building, chemicals, automobile manufacturing,
petrochemicals, and publishing.