Option A: Caribbean History

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Option A: Caribbean History

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Title: Option A: Caribbean History

1
Option A Caribbean History

Topics
The failures of the Apprenticeship scheme
The Sugar Revolution
The rise of Peasantry in the Caribbean
The Use of Immigrant labour 1838 1917
The Changing of the Sugar plantation and new ways
of earning a living
The Caribbean since 1960

2
The Apprenticeship schemeObjective To outline
the details of the Apprenticeship scheme

Looking ahead
Why did the colonial office think that
apprenticeship was the first step to creating a
free society?
Because it gave apprentices the opportunity and
time to learn skills necessary when they were
free
Because it gave the colonies time to develop the
social necessities that were not in place before.
Did the planters feel the same way?
No, they saw this as an opportunity to expand
free labour.
How did the planters use apprenticeship
regulations to serve their own ends?
They were able to get more time out of
apprentices and they could monitor the time spent
off the plantations.
Why did special magistrate have such a difficult
time doing what was expected of the by the
colonial office?
Because they were paid such low wages that they
could be easily bribed by the planters.
Why did apprenticeship end in 1838?
B/c the planters rather to end the scheme than
adhere to the changes made by Richard Chamberline

The Apprenticeship scheme
six year transitional period for both slaves and
planters.
It was made mandatory in Trinidad and British
Guiana and optional in other colonies
Only Antigua did not adopt it.
Planters were afraid that slaves would leave the
plantations so policing laws were passed and
Special Magistrates where sent to the colonies to
govern them.
Unfortunately the were paid only 40 pounds per
year and could be easily bribed by planters.
The laws were made by the local assemblies and
usually favored the planters which made it very
difficult for apprentices to stray from the
plantations without a required license and
permission.

The fear remained between the Colonial Office and
the planters that the mass movement of
apprentices away from the plantation would led to
the financial ruin of the colonies.
Terms of the Scheme
Apprentices worked 40.5 hours per week before
they were paid.
Elders and children were free and still had to be
taken cared of by the planters
The Colonial Office hoped that the six years
would be enough time to build schools, housing,
hospitals, roads, etc.

Punishment for Apprentices
When found guilty for a violation the common
punishment was the workhouse which were under
the control of the local parishes in the
colonies.
The usual form of punishment was the treadmill.
In the work houses the laborers were required to
wear chains, not even used in the last years of
slavery.
Females were often forced to shave their heads.
On the plantations apprentices could have their
rations cut or stopped altogether.

6
Opposition to ApprenticeshipObjective To
identify the groups that opposed to the
Apprenticeship scheme

Trinidad
As the Governor as he read the Emancipation Act
slaves jeered and the riot act was called.
St Kitts and Montserrat
There were many riots
Jamaica
Many apprentices ran away and had to be rounded
up by the militias and returned to their
plantations.
British Guiana
The Assembly assigned some apprentices as
constables and used them to convince the others
to maintain order

7
ENDING APPRENTICESHIPObjective Identify the
causes for the conclusion of the scheme for all
by 1838

There were very few honest magistrates, the few
that existed included Richard Chamberline, who
was key in ending the period.
The magistrates were required to send monthly
reports which contributed to ending
Apprenticeship.
In 1837, when recommendations were made to take
away the work houses and eliminate flogging and
the use of the treadmill for females there came a
consensus that the Apprenticeship scheme should
end completely in 1838.
Rather than comply with the recommendations the
planters preferred to end the scheme, hinging on
the fat that they would still be able to control
the movement of laborers through the licensing
and ticketing system.

8
Review

The purpose of apprenticeship
The ex-slaves opposition to apprenticeship
The appointment of special magistrate
The new police laws
The close ties between the magistrate and
planters
The workhouses
The control of the apprentice on the plantations
Honest magistrates
Ending apprenticeship.

9
Emancipation in Non-British CaribbeanObjective
To describe, Compare and contrast the abolition
of the slavery in the Spanish and French
Caribbean.

French Colonies
Emancipation of slaves the French Caribbean that
came into effect by way of the French revolution
was maintained only in Haiti.
Slavery was re-implemented in these colonies
in1803.
The country passed laws to end slavery again in
1818 however, between 1818 and 1831, more than
100,000 new slaves were shipped to the colonies.
The reintroduction was accepted much like the
Apprenticeship scheme in the British Caribbean
Martinique experienced disturbances several times
between 1822 and 1834.

Amelioration was also adopted and by 1833 and
slaves had to be registered and branding and
mutilation was outlawed.
Victor Schoelcher, a French abolitionist
travelled to the colonies in 1840 and determined
that slavery should end.
A secular movement, La Societe pour lAbolition
de lEsclavage was formed in 1834.
This group was more effective than any other
Britain had seen.
In 1836, they achieved the emancipation of every
slave to set foot in France
In 1838 a bill was drafted for the emancipation
of slaves.

In 1847, the society called for an immediate
emancipation
In 1848 a national petition was sent out
This petition being more successful, led to the
abolition of slavery in Martinique and Guadeloupe
as well as Cayenne in South America and Reunion
in the Indian Ocean at a compensation of about 50
francs per slave.

12
Spanish islands

In Cuba there became a decline in the tobacco and
boom in sugar around the 1700s.
A rise in demand for the crop lead to demand for
slaves.
In1791, the Spanish slave trade was open and
persons importing slaves would export any item
duty free.
By 1817, slaves made up more than two thirds of
the population (224,000).
Risks of slave rebellions were greater due to
emancipation movement in British Caribbean which
provided safe haven for runaways.
Spain, during a 1815 Congress at Vienna,
promised to end the slave trade in 1817 and
signed a Reciprocal Search Treaty with Britain.

Another agreement was made to abolish slavery in
1820, but the slaves continued to be imported at
a rate of 10,000 per year.
Anytime Spanish ships carried slaves they would
carry an American flag to prevent begin searched.
The manumission process in Cuba led that could
prove that he was imported after 1820 could be
liberated.
Fear remained that emancipation would lead to
all-black republics like Haiti.
The pro-slavery groups in Cuba was considering
joining forces with the United States.
The British advocated for the abolition of
slavery for two basic reasons
Spanish sugar had been outselling sugar from the
British colonies.
They wanted to keep Cuba out of the hands of the
Americans

The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and
this lessened the concern.
The Spanish monarchy was overthrown and replaced
by an anti-slavery republic.
During this same time, Cuba and Puerto Rico were
also struggling for their independence which
included plans for the emancipation.
In 1865, the Spanish islands achieved
Puerto Rico achieved the same in 1873
Compensation the planters totaled 35 million
pesetas
Cuba followed in 1886 with no compensation at
all.

15
Pop Quiz

How long was the Apprenticeship scheme to last
for field workers?
Which British colony chose not to adopt the
Apprenticeship scheme?
How many hours were Apprentices required to work
per week?
Which group of persons were exempted from
apprenticeships?
List three things the Colonial office hoped to
achieve during the Apprentice years.
What was the response to the Emancipation act by
Apprentices in Jamaica and Trinidad?
What was the role of the special magistrate?
Describe two ways in which Apprentices were
punished.
Who was Richard Chamberline and what role did he
play in Apprenticeship?

16
Theme 2 The Rise of PeasantryFree
VillagesObjective To describe the establishment
and te role of Missionaries on the establishment
of Free Villages

To an outsider looking in the British colonies,
it would have appeared that all of them had the
same problems.
The islands that were large with small free slave
population faced major labour as well as those
problems with large free slaves who shunned the
plantation labour as in the cases with Trinidad
and Jamaica respectively.
Trinidad resolved its problem with immigration
whereas Jamaica refused to combat the problem the
same way.

During and after the apprenticeship period free
village spontaneously emerged or through the
agitation of missionaries.
This movement has been credited with the
development of a working class better know and
independent peasantry or yeoman farmers which
became the backbone of the West Indies.
These villages were more common in Jamaica and
Guyana.
Jamaica
The freed villages in Jamaica were modeled after
the Maroon settlements established before the end
slavery.
They were positioned far away from the
plantations.

Since most of the freed African were not able to
afford land, however there were a small few who
were privileged.
These persons usually purchased small plots, not
usually adequate for farming.
However, this was a means of keeping the
plantation workers near the plantations.
The majority who utilized the lands purchased
through the churches in England.
Before the end of slavery a Baptist missionary,
William Knibb, encourage the apprentices to
establish free villages.
His goal was to ensure that ex-slaves to own
their land as a part of the peasantry movement.

He also encourage slaves that could save enough
money to purchase their own land to settle on
crown land.
As a result of his support, he found little
favour with the planters.
He was not the only missionary to support the
freed-slaves.
The first free villages was built on land
purchased by James Phillipo in 1835.
In this settlement called Sligoville, there were
100 families.
Sturgetown was built in 1838 by William Knibb and
hosted 75 families.

20
The New Independent ClassObjective to describe
the development of the new independent class in
Jamaica, Guyana, St Kitts. And Barbados

The Africans who were able to purchase lands
during the Apprenticeship were much more
fortunate than their counterparts.
Not only were they able to gain proof of
ownership but the lands were already cleared and
very close to the markets.
In Antigua, the establishment of free villages
did not come until 1842 and this was through the
lobbying of the governor Sir William Colebrook.
His goal, like many others was to keep the freed
African as agricultural laborers.
His idea was first met with resistance from the
planters who wanted to maintain control of the
labourers, but was soon accepted after the threat
of opening the Colony crown land to the freed.

The planters also saw a financial opportunity in
this as the freed men were willing to pay hefty
prices for poor land.
By the end of 1842 more than 27 independent
villages had been established in Antigua.
In Trinidad and Guyana, many of the planters
compromised by dividing the front of their lands
and sold them to workers.
The desire for land opened up many opportunities
for the exploitation of African workers.
In 1840, the Governor of Jamaica had written the
Secretary of State to complain about this matter.

One example of which was the purchase of 283
hectares for 500 pounds by one Mr. Drummond of
Jamaica.
He divided the land and sold it to other
planters, for five times what he paid.
They then divided their plots and sold them to
Africans for eight times what they paid.
Rather than making them rich and happy the
workers became heavy in debt and miserable.
Guyana
In Guyana, ex-slaves had the good fortune of
being able to establish cooperatives.
This meant that large groups f them would pool
their finances and purchase and entire
plantations, while dividing the work equally, as
well as the expenses and the profits.
This was the case with the North Brook plantation
were 89 individuals bought one share of the
property in 1839.

In 1852, the planters who had always been in
opposition to the cooperative scheme convinced
the governor to pass Ordinance 1which prevented
the purchase of land by more than 25 persons.
This was not a total hindrance, so Ordinance 33
was put into place which limited common ownership
to 10 and required cash payment for the upkeep of
the drainage.
This then forced many of the cooperative members
to leave their plantation in search of work for
wages.

24
Small industryObjective To describe the
development of the small and cottage industry
that rose from farming.

Every attempt was made for laborers to leave the
plantations.
By 1861, more than 1/3rd of the Jamaican freed
population made a living off the plantation with
sixty-five thousand of them Owning small farms.
By 1859, almost half of the Guianese population
was completely or partly independent.
The sugar duties Act was passed by the planters
in order to make up fro their losses and changed
the wages from 48 to 32 cents per day.
The import duties were lowered and more laborers
were encouraged to move away from the plantation.

Small farmers not only grew food for their own
consumption but sold some at market.
This simple process became one leg in many steps
that became a trade of higgling.

26
Theme 3 The Use of Immigrant labour 1838
1917Objective To describe the use and need for
immigrant labour in the West Indies.

The planters of the West Indies were more than
happy for the initiation of the Immigration
scheme as it came as a resolve to their
immigration issues.
This movement occurred primarily in the Windward
islands, Barbados, Trinidad and Guyana.
The British Government, although not completely
behind the concept of the immigrant labour, as it
known as the New Slavery, stood behind the
planters as the labor issue remained and they had
to maintain the economy, though sugar.
It is not to say that the Government did not
receive pressure form the Anti-Slavery Society.
In order to resolves this matter, in 1838 James
Stephen was given the role of drafting the
Immigration Scheme into the emancipation Act.

There were at least five groups impacted by the
scheme
Europeans
Madeirans and Maltese
Free Africans
Chinese and
Indians
Europeans
European labour was primarily imported to
Jamaica.
During the years of Apprenticeship thousands of
Scots, Irish and Germans migrated to the islands.
Many of whom would not work because the work that
they were issued they considered the work of the
Blacks.
Those that managed to remain died out due to a
lack of immunity to the tropical diseases on the
island.
Another attempt at European labour was initiated
in 1841.
Some of whom also went to St. Kitts with
practically the same results, death or voluntary
repatriation.

Madeirans and Maltese
Persons from island European islands of Madeira
and Malta had been cultivating sugar from the
Renaissance period.
Persons from this area were already experienced
in sugar cultivation.
They were drawn to the islands buy the higher
wages, four pence per day.
The Maltese immigration was very stop and go as
the scheme had been halted in 1839 and then again
in 1848 later it was restarted in 1841.
During this time the treatment of the Madeirans
and the Maltese was investigated and although the
scheme was allowed to commence in 1850, to
remained on a much smaller scale.

29
Free African Immigration

The importation of free Africans to the Caribbean
began in 1841.
This group of persons came from Sierra Leone,
the Kru Coast, St. Helen or were rescued from
slave ships.
Some of whom were or were the descendants of the
Maroons who were deported in 1796.
This scheme was short lived some obvious reasons
1841 -1862.
The same private ships that often transported
slaves transported the emigrants, which gave a
feeling of slavery.
The emigrants from West Africa were lured to the
area under false pretenses of labour.

30
Chinese Immigration

Chinese Immigration was known to last for a long
period of time, but had the most problems.
Most of these emigrants went to Cuba with a few
going to the West Indies.
Trinidad attempted to import the Chinese at the
threat of abolition in 1809.
When this small group arrived they either refused
to work or were unsuited for the work required.

Some of the problems associated with this scheme
were
The Chinese government opposed it because it was
said to hurt national pride.
Only Chinese men were allowed to immigrate and it
created a sense of jealousy between the locals
and the Chinese.
It was most expensive to impart them from their
homes, 25 pounds.

32
Indian Immigration

In 1837, John Gladstone, the owner of British
Plantation in British Guiana, applied for
permission to import Indian labourers to the
Colonies.
In 1838, almost 400 labourers flowed into the
colonies, but upon investigation it was found
that many of them died.
By July of 1838, the immigration had been halted.
Some of the Indians had been abused while other
was not paid what they had been promised.
Immigration again resumed in 1844 and lasted
until 1917.

The colony of British Guiana had been spending in
excess of 50,000 pounds per year on the imports.
The British government felt compelled to continue
the scheme as both countries were its colonies.
Guianas experienced a close call to bankruptcy
and the mistreatment of the "East Indians as
they were called.
By the end of the scheme in 1917 more than
416,000 Indians had arrived in the West Indies.
Classwork
1. What similarities and differences existed
between the different immigration schemes?
Make note of the times and reason for the
immigration, and the conclusion of the various
schemes.

34
Homework

Describe how Ghana became a successful
independent nation and how it declined.
Describe how Mali became a successful independent
nation and how it declined.
Describe how Songhai became a successful
independent nation and how it declined.
Discuss the similarities of the success and
failures all three states and give two mutual
causes of their decline.

35
The Contract Schemes

The initial onset of the immigration required
only that the labourers arrive to the colony and
work.
The planters began paying for the passage and
then required that they have contracts signed
upon the arrival.
In 1848, The Government gave planters permission
to have contracts signed at the port of
embarkation.
The original contracts were signed for only one
year.
In 1848, the contracts were extended to three
years and finally in 1863, the contracts were
extended to five years, the period of time which
the planters had been vying for.
Within the contracts were specifics as to the
hours and days that the labourers were to work.
N.B. Research and be prepared to explain the
labour conditions of the immigrant labourers.

36
Topic Impact of immigration Policy

Objective The economic and social impact of the
Immigration policy on the West Indies
There is much controversy about the actual impact
of immigrant labour on the sugar industry post
emancipation.
For the most part, most of the islands
experienced a boom in the overall profits and
production by the end of the 1800s early 1900s,
however there were other factors that need to be
taken into consideration.

37
British Guiana

By 1848, the sugar production of British Guiana
had fallen to only 40 of the levels they existed
prior to emancipation.
By the end of the 19th century, the levels had
drastically risen to 250 of what existed before
slavery was abolished.
In Guiana it should have also been taken in to
consideration that substantial numbers of land
was sold for the cultivation of sugar had well as
there had been improvements in the mechanization
of the process of producing sugar.

38
Trinidad

Trinidad had practically the same response.
Although, there had never been a slump in the
sugar production because the wages had remained
high as well as the conditions were good.
By the end of the century the levels were four
times greater than before emancipation.

39
Barbados

The island colony of Barbados imported no
immigrants labour faced an increase in the output
sugar of more than 250 by 1848.
To the same effect the levels decreased to 20 of
the pre-emancipation levels by the end of the
century.
It should also be noted that Trinidad suffered
from the exhaustion of the soil as well as it
lacked mechanization in the process.

40
Grenada and St Vincent

Both Grenada and St Vincent had substantial
amount of immigrants labour however, in Grenada,
the entire industry ended before the end of the
century while in St Vincent they operated at
about half of the pre-emancipation numbers.
The immigration schemes introduced completely new
cultures into the West Indies, that for the most
part remained isolated.
Asian were either Hindu or Muslim 86 and 14
respectively.

The Indian were noted for their cultural
segregation the following are several reasons
The Indians were linked by strong kinship
The immigration schemes kept them separated.
When the Indians were out of indentured
servitude, they remained in agriculture and
established isolated Indian village which also
grew rice, cocoa and sugar cane.
The Indian and Africans despised each other. The
Hindu and Muslim religions were despised by the
Africans and the Indians hated the lose morals
and polygamy of the Africans
Hindus Indians spoke only Hindi and maintained
this, while refusing to send their children to
school for fear of them begin converted to
Christians.
Despite the resistance, the culture remained
string within the region and today has been
better integrated.

42
The factors of success of the Plantations after Emancipation The factors of success of the Plantations after Emancipation The factors of success of the Plantations after Emancipation The factors of success of the Plantations after Emancipation
Island Labour Soil/Topography Mechanization
British Guiana

43
Classwork

1. Why did the British West Indian colonies turn
to immigrant labour schemes after emancipation?
2. What hardships did the indentured labourers
faces in the British West Indian colonies after
1834?

44
Theme 4 The Changing Sugar Plantation and New
ways of earning a living

The Decline of Sugar Production after 1838
Objective To describe the cause and impact of
the decline of sugar in the British West Indies
The Napoleonic wars pushed Britain to the
forefront as a monopoly in the sugar industry
despite the inflated prices.
N.B. What was the cause and outcome of the
Napoleonic wars? What countries were involved?
This was the only period of prosperity as
competition from the other sugar producing
countries leveled the playing field.

The problems for the English colonies were many
and included
The labour problems as a result of the abolition
of the slave trade.
The price of slaves rose
The increasing price of sugar as a result of the
labour problem.
The overall emancipation of slaves made this
difficult time even more so.
The West Indies had now been receiving great
competition from the colonies on India and
Mauritius. The West Indies had enjoyed low rates
on the duty of sugar, but this privilege was also
extended to Mauritius in1825 and India in 1836.

At the emancipation of Slavery, the sugar
barter-based economy was not converted into a
cash economy.
The Apprenticeship should have been sufficient
time for this adjustment, however, the challenge
of the cash exchange proved extremely difficult
an adjustment.
The apprenticeship scheme should have been enough
time only in theory, but in fact there was very
little money in circulation and most of the bills
came out in 1838.
The slaves wages had a vast range that could
mean that planter paid about 20 pounds for the
labour of 100 slaves in a place like Barbados,
but may have paid 60 pounds in a place like
Trinidad.

The wage bill led to the establishment of the
Planters bank in Jamaica in 1837 and the West
Indian bank in Barbados in 1840, and both of
which had branches on the other islands.
The capital for the banks was endorsed by
merchants in Liverpool and London.
Based on the strength of their crops, credit was
extended to the planters.
The process appeared to be good business as long
as the crops were successful.
When crop prices began to fall, partially due to
the Sugar Equalization Act of 1846, it led to the
collapse of many of the West Indian banks, due to
the customers inability to pay.

Foreign Countries had cut their production costs
and were able to produce and sell sugar for
substantially less than the British English
sugar 22shillings per cwt, Cuban Sugar
12shillings per cwt and Louisiana Sugar, 15
shillings per cwt.
To combat the prices, British Guiana, increased
in acreage for sugar plantations, which increased
production.
The best resolution, which British competitors
had adopted, was the mechanization of the
production process which would have lead to
lesser labour costs.
This kind of technology would have required
capital in order to purchase, however, these
island colonies were finding difficulty find more
investment in such a risky market.

A final challenge of the Planters was the 4.5
export rate of the sugar that was required to be
paid, this was ultimately removed during a period
of desperation in 1838, but ultimately the
planters still paid more for any imports coming
to the island.

50
The Sugar Equalization Act 1846Objective
Discuss the cause and impact of Free trade and
the implementation of the Sugar Equalization Act
in 1846

The idea of free trade was only established
around 1776, with the theory of economist Adam
Smith, his ideas along with those of David
Ricardo, the author of "Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation" and the boom caused by the
Industrial revolution in Europe motivated the
British Colonies toward the concept of free
trade.
Before the system of trade had been organized
around the barter system with planters receiving
credit for whatever crops were provided.
The free trade system would allow for the cheap
purchase of raw materials with capitalism
governing the open market, while duties remained
absent.

Many British persons lobbied for the free trade
as the cost of sugar had risen substantially and
the British Government and people had been
subsidizing the industry in the West Indies at a
sum of 2,500,000 to 4,500,000 per year.
In 1849 the Navigation acts were repealed and the
British Empire entered into free trade.
Many planters protested and revolted that this
move would lead to the end of the Sugar Industry
and in fact the period of 1846 to 1854 was a very
critical to the industrys survival.

The foreign competition caused such threat to the
British planters that the Act as it was
implemented gave leeway to the planters and
allowed them a five year grace period in order to
adjust their prices before free trade truly
began.
1. What was the function of a special magistrate?
2. How apprenticeship schemes responded to by
ex-slaves in Jamaica?
3. How many hours were in average work week for
slaves?
4. When were slaves to be paid for work
completed?
5. Who was James Phillipo?
6. What does the term "higgling or haggling"
mean?
7. What was the cause of the fall of the
Planter's Bank
8. List three groups of immigrants imported to
assist in the labour shortages

53
Theme 1 Review Questions

Define the terms of the apprenticeship scheme.
When it was set to begin and end?
Which colony did not adopt the scheme?
What expectations did the Colonial office have of
the scheme?
Note two examples of how the scheme was rejected?
Who was considered and architect of freedom.
What was the role of this person?
List three forms of punishment for unruly
apprentices.
What recommendations did Richard Chamberline make
to the Colonial office regarding the punishment
of apprentices? What was the response of the
planters?
Explain two ways in which planters were able to
control the apprentices outside of punishment.
Compare the reintroduction of Slavery in the
French colonies to that of the Apprenticeship
scheme in the British colonies.
Compare the movement of the Society for the
Abolition of Slaves French to that of Quakers.
What compensation did the French crown give to
the planters for each freed slave?
What were the terms of the Reciprocal Search
Treaty and when was it signed?
When was slavery abolished in the Spanish
colonies, and then Cuba?

54
Theme 2 The Rise of Peasantry Review Questions

Which two British colonies did hire immigrant
labour?
Generally speaking, free villages were as a
result of agitation from which group?
Who were considered yeoman famers?
What became the model for African villages in
Jamaica?
Why were William Knibb and James Phillipo not
popular with planters?
When was Sturgetown built?
When was Sligoville developed?
When did free African Villages become popular in
Antigua, and under whose influence?
Which colony was able to develop cooperatives?
What were two hindrances to the maintenance of
these cooperatives?
By 1861, what percentage freed Jamaicans lived
off of the Plantations?
What changes in wages did the Sugar duties Act
produce?

55
Theme 3 Immigration Scheme

In which parts of the West Indies was the
movement of the immigration scheme widely
accepted?
Why was the immigrants scheme considered new
slavery?
What role James Stephen play in the Emancipation
Act?
What was the result of the immigration of
Europeans to Jamaica?
What factors drew West Indians planters to import
Madeirans and Maltese workers and what drew these
immigrate to West Indies?
From which areas were labourers emigrated?
Why did the use of African labour not continue
for an extended period?
List the three problems that were faced with
importation of Chinese labor?
What role did John Gladstone play in the
emigration of Indians?
What became the fate, of many of the first
Indians?
What was relationship between Africans and East
Indians in the West Indies?
Why Indians did chose not to send their children
to school?