Chapter 8 A New Nation

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Chapter 8 A New Nation

• Did You Know?
• The dome that visitors see today on the United
  States Capitol is actually the second dome that
  topped it. The first dome, designed by Boston
  architect Charles Bulfinch, started in 1793
  image was finished in 1824. It was wood covered
  by copper. But by the 1850s, it was thought to be
  too low and unimpressive. It was removed in 1856
  to make way for the new dome that still graces
  the building today.
• It is a symbol of the United States. During the
  Civil War Lincoln order the work on the dome to
  continue as a symbol that the Union would survive.

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Academic Content Standards

• Government (Role of Government) 8th Grade
• 1. Analyze the principles of self-government and
  natural rights expressed in the Declaration of
  Independence and their relationship to
  Enlightenment ideas. 2. Explain how political
  parties developed as a result of attempts to
  resolve issues in the early years of the United
  States including a. Payment of debt b.
  Establishment of a national bank c. Strict or
  loose interpretation of the Constitution d.
  Support for England or France.

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• Government (Rules and Laws) 8th Grade
• 3. Explain how events and issues demonstrated the
  need for a stronger form of governance in the
  early years of the United States a. Shay's
  Rebellion b. Economic instability c.
  Government under the Articles of Confederation.
  4. Explain the political concepts expressed in
  the U.S. Constitution a. Representative
  democracy b. Federalism c. Bicameralism
  d. Separation of powers e. Checks and
  balances. 5. Explain how the U.S. Constitution
  protects the rights of citizens, regulates the
  use of territory, manages conflict, and
  establishes order and security. 6. Explain how
  specific provisions of the U.S. Constitution,
  including the Bill of Rights, limit the powers of
  government in order to protect the rights of
  individuals with emphasis on a. Freedom of
  religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition
  b. Right to trial by jury and the right to
  counsel c. Due process and equal protection
  of the laws. 7. Explain how the Northwest
  Ordinance established principles and procedures
  for the orderly expansion of the United States.
  8. Describe the process by which a bill becomes
  a law.

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Why I have the Superman Symbol in my room.
SS Division Totenkopf
Ben Franklin wanted the Turkey as a national
symbol. He said it's a much more respectable
bird and was a true original native of America
and a bird of courage.
Symbols mean things and tell people an awful lot
about us as individuals and as a people. The
same can be said for nations.
Omnia relinquit servare Republicam (He gave up
everything to preserve the Republic.)
Washington, The American Cincinnatus
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(No Transcript)
6
The Character of Leadership

• Thomas Jefferson wrote this probing, candid
  assessment of Washington at Monticello in a
  letter to a Dr. Walter Jones dated January 2,
  1814 (recounted in The Moral Compass p. 685
• I think I knew General Washington intimately
  and thoroughly, and were I called on to delineate
  his character, it should be in terms like these.
  His mind was great and powerful,

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First in war, first in peace, and first in the
hearts of his countrymen

• Words from a eulogy for George Washington adopted
  by Congress immediately after Washington's death.
  The eulogy was written by Henry Lee, a soldier
  and political leader from Washington's home state
  of Virginia.
• First in war, first in peace and first in the
  hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none
  in the humble and endearing scenes of private
  life. Pious, just, humane, temperate and sincere
  uniform, dignified and commandinghis example was
  as edifying to all around him as were the effects
  of that example lasting. . . . Correct
  throughout, vice shuddered in his presence and
  virtue always felt his fostering hand. The purity
  of his private character gave effulgence to his
  public virtues. . . . Such was the man for whom
  our nation mourns.

http//www.earlyamerica.com/georgexdsl.html
In 1832, Congress had commissioned Horatio
Greenough (1805-1852) to design a statue of
Washington for permanent display in the recently
completed Capitol Rotunda. Congress thought it
would be getting a statue of the nation's first
president as a standing figure. Greenough,
however, chose to model his statue on Zeus.  The
statue, made of 12 tons of white marble, was so
heavy that it began to crack the floor of the
Rotunda. Few lawmakers welcomed a half-naked
father of the country with well-developed
shoulder muscles. His upraised right arm, draped
with what appeared to be a towel across his
biceps, made Washington look as if he were
preparing to bathe. Incensed lawmakers demanded
the work be removed.
The Apotheosis of Washington in the eye of the
Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol was painted in the
true fresco technique by Constantino Brumidi in
1865.
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A Nations Symbols
While campaigning as a senator, Barak Obama, used
the Obama seal shown. It does include the
American bald eagle clutching arrows and an olive
branch, the resemblance ends there. The Latin
phrase "E Pluribus Unum," which translates to
"Out of many, one," now says "Vero Possumus."
Press reports translate the Latin words as
"Truly, we are able" a rough translation of the
Obama campaign slogan, "Yes we can." The
deletion of "E Pluribus Unum," long considered
the de-facto motto of the United States, is not
accidental for multiculturalists, who have long
denigrated the concept that immigrants must strip
away their old culture in favor of the "oneness"
of American civilization. In the 1990s, such
activists promoted the alternative concept of the
nation's ethnic "mosaic," rather than a single,
overarching metaphor to describe American
society. For example, Nation of Islam leader
Louis Farrakhan has pointedly criticized the "E
Pluribus Unum" motto as not reflecting the
nation's diversity. Other Obama changes to the
seal include the removal of the shield over the
eagle's breast, representing the president's oath
to defend the Constitution. The shield has been
replaced with the letter "O" presumably for
Obama and the image of a rising sun.
\ NewsMax.com
http//www.heraldica.org/topics/usa/usheroff.htm

• The seal of the President of the United States of
  America is based upon the Great Seal of the USA.
  The Presidential seal pictures an American bald
  eagle holding a ribbon in its beak the ribbon
  has the motto of the USA, "E PLURIBUS UNUM,"
  meaning "Out of many, one." The eagle is
  clutching an olive branch (with 13 olives and 13
  leaves) in one foot (symbolizing peace) and 13
  arrows in the other (the 13 stands for the
  original 13 colonies and the arrows symbolize the
  acceptance of the need to go to war to protect
  the country).
• A shield is in front of the eagle representing
  the presidents oath to protect the Constitution
  the shield has 13 red and white stripes
  (representing the original 13 colonies) with a
  blue bar above it (it symbolizes the uniting of
  the 13 colonies and represents congress). Above
  the eagle are 13 white clouds, 13 white stars,
  and many tiny stars. 50 white stars surround the
  eagle in a circle (on a deep blue field). The
  words, "Seal of the President of the United
  States" surround the seal (on a tan field).
• The first President who used a presidential seal
  was Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880, Hayes used the
  seal for White House invitations.

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I. President Washington Father of the Nation
(Pages 258-260)

• Although Washington thought he was going to
  retire after the war, he was elected the first
  president of the United States under the federal
  Constitution
• I walk on untrodden ground. There is scarcely
  any part of my conduct that may not be drawn into
  precedent.
• Washington was aware of the difficulties and
  decisions he had to face. He would establish
  precedents that would shape the future of the
  United States.
• The Federalist Era 1789-1800

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Congress set up a cabinet with three departments

• the State Department to handle relations with
  other nations, headed by Thomas Jefferson
• Treasury Department to deal with financial
  matters, headed by Alexander Hamilton
• War Department to provide for the national
  defense, headed by Henry Knox Henry Knox

Washington and his cabinet left to right,
President Washington, Secretary of War Henry
Knox, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,
and Attorney General Edmund Randolph
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The Obama Cabinet OfficeNameTerm Vice
PresidentJoe Biden2009present Secretary of
StateHillary Clinton2009present Secretary of
TreasuryTimothy Geithner2009present Secretary of
DefenseRobert Gates2006present Attorney
GeneralEric Holder2009present Secretary of the
InteriorKen Salazar2009present Secretary of
AgricultureTom Vilsack2009present Secretary of
CommerceGary Locke2009present Secretary of
LaborHilda Solis2009present Secretary of Health
andHuman ServicesKathleen Sebelius2009present Sec
retary of EducationArne Duncan2009present Secreta
ry of Housing andUrban DevelopmentShaun
Donovan2009presen tSecretary of
TransportationRay LaHood2009presen Secretary of
EnergySteven Chu2009present Secretary of
Veterans AffairsEric Shinseki2009present Secretar
y of Homeland SecurityJanet Napolitano2009present
Chief of StaffRahm Emanuel2009present Administra
tor of theEnvironmental Protection AgencyLisa
Jackson2009present Director of the Office
ofManagement and BudgetPeter Orszag2009presentAmb
assador to the United NationsSusan
Rice2009present United States Trade
RepresentativeRon Kirk2009presentRetained from
previous administration
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The Presidential Succession Act of
1947establishes the line of succession to the
office of President of the United States in the
event that neither a President or Vice President
is able to "discharge the powers and duties of
the office. Congressional authority to enact
such a law is twofold Article II, Section 1,
Clause 6 of the United States Constitution and
Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment to the
Constitution.

• Following World War II and the death of President
  Roosevelt, President Truman lobbied for a
  revision of the law, and ultimately the current
  act was passed.
• The new law restored the Congressional officers
  to places directly after the Vice President, but
  switched their order from the 1792 Act, placing
  the Speaker of the House first and the President
  pro tempore second. The Cabinet officers then
  followed, again in the order in which their
  respective departments were created with one
  exception the Secretary of Defense (a department
  created in 1947 following a merger of the
  Departments of War and Navy) was placed fifth in
  the line of succession, directly after the
  Secretary of the Treasury. This placed the
  Defense Department in the place that had been
  held by the Department of War.

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Run Time 2839 The state of the nation in
1789 begged for signs of stability. We examine
how the political leadership of George Washington
and the economic plan of Alexander Hamilton
shaped the United States in the 1790s-and for
generations afterwards. See the contrasting views
of Jefferson and Hamilton on how the government
should interpret the Constitution and run the
government and the effects westward expansion had
on the Native Americans and slavery
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Continued

• Congress created the office of attorney general
  to handle the government's legal affairs. Edmund
  Randolph was the first attorney general.
• Washington met regularly with the three
  department heads, or secretaries, and the
  attorney general, which together became known as
  the cabinet.info
• Congress was divided as to how much power the
  president should hold over the executive
  departments.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 was actually a
  compromise act. One group in Congress favored a
  national legal system, and a second favored state
  courts. The act established a federal court
  system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit
  courts. State laws would remain, but federal
  courts would have the power to reverse state
  decisions.
• The Supreme Court buildingsof various locations
  was to be the highest court with final authority.
  John Jay was appointed chief justice.
• Many people felt the Constitution needed a
  guarantee of personal liberties. In fact, some
  states supported the Constitution because a bill
  of rights was to be added to it.

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continued
It is clear that Madison truly thought that a
bill of rights was not necessary except to
mollify those who thought it was required, to
preclude another constitutional convention and to
encourage the final two states to ratify the
Constitution.  In later years, his letters
revealed no great pride of authorship.  In a
letter of 1821 he referred to "those safe, if not
necessary, and those politic, if not obligatory,
amendments."  In his speech to Congress the best
he could say of a bill of rights was that it was
"neither improper nor absolutely useless." Faint
praise!

• James Madison image presented a list of
  amendments to Congress.
• Congress passed 12 amendments.
• The states ratified 10 of them.
• These 10 amendments became known as the Bill of
  Rights and were added to the Constitution in
  December 1791.

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• Here is a list rights included in the Bill of
  Rights
• First Amendment Congress shall make no law
  respecting an establishment of religion, or
  prohibiting the free exercise thereof or
  abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press
  or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
  and to petition the Government for a redress of
  grievances.
• Second Amendment A well regulated Militia, being
  necessary to the security of a free State, the
  right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall
  not be infringed.
• Third Amendment No Soldier shall, in time of
  peace be quartered in any house, without the
  consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in
  a manner to be prescribed by law.
• Fourth Amendment The right of the people to be
  secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
  effects, against unreasonable searches and
  seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
  shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported
  by Oath or affirmation, and particularly
  describing the place to be searched, and the
  persons or things to be seized.
• Fifth Amendment No person shall be held to
  answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
  crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
  Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land
  or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
  actual service in time of War or public danger
  nor shall any person be subject for the same
  offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
  limb nor shall be compelled in any criminal case
  to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
  of life, liberty, or property, without due
  process of law nor shall private property be
  taken for public use, without just compensation.

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Sixth Amendment In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been
previously ascertained by law, and to be informed
of the nature and cause of the accusation to be
confronted with the witnesses against him to
have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses
in his favor, and to have the Assistance of
Counsel for his defence. Seventh Amendment In
suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise
reexamined in any Court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common law.
Eighth Amendment Excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel
and unusual punishments inflicted. Ninth
Amendment The enumeration in the Constitution,
of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny
or disparage others retained by the people.
Tenth Amendment The powers not delegated to the
United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited
by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.
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• Speech, Religion, Press
• Petition, Assembly

THE CONSTITUTION IS OVER 100 YEARS OLD, TOO OLD
TO UNDERSTAND

• keep and bear Arms

Troops quartered, without the consent of the
Owner
"He who controls the present, controls the past.
He who controls the past, controls the future."
  --  George Orwell 1984
Searches and seizures limited
due process of law including protection against
Self incrimination.
Right of a person accused of a crime, Including
right to a lawyer
Right of a trial by jury
Unfair bail, fines and punishment forbidden
Celebrating the New GOP Majority
Citizens entitles to rights not listed in
Constitution
Powers not listed reserved to the states or the
people
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• Amending the Constitution Article V of the
  Constitution provides two processes by which
  amendments can be proposed and approved
• Congress proposes amendments.As is the case
  with the flag burning amendment, both houses of
  Congress approve by two-thirds votes a resolution
  calling for the amendment. The resolution does
  not require the president's signature. To become
  effective, the proposed amendment must then be
  "ratified" or approved by the legislatures of
  three-fourths of the states. Congress typically
  places a time limit of seven years for
  ratification by the states.
• The states propose amendments.The legislatures
  of two-thirds of the states vote to call for a
  convention at which constitutional amendments can
  be proposed. Amendments proposed by the
  convention would again require ratification by
  the legislatures of three-fourths of the states.
• All twenty-seven amendments, including the Bill
  of Rights have been added through the first
  method. The Constitution has never been amended
  using the second process.
• While over 10,000 have been proposed, only
  seventeen amendments to the Constitution have
  been adopted since final ratification of the Bill
  of Rights in 1791.

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1. What do you think was the most important
decision of the early government creating a
cabinet, passing the Judiciary Act, or adding the
Bill of Rights to the Constitution? Explain your
answer
Answer needs to include reasons. Most will
probably say the Bill of Rights because it
guarantees personal liberties, and that is what
the country represents however, the Judiciary
Act created the court system, and the cabinet
helps the executive office function
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II. Financial Problems (Pages 260-261)

• Hamilton, as secretary of the treasury, tried to
  find a way to strengthen the country's financial
  problems. He proposed the Hamilton Plan.
• The nation should pay for the cost of their help.
• Further, by the federal government assuming the
  states' debts, this would give the states a
  strong interest in the success of the new
  government. Hamilton was an advocate of many of
  Adam Smiths ideas as expressed in his work The
  Wealth of Nations

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Hamiltons Plan Cont.

• There was opposition to Hamilton's plan. Congress
  agreed to pay money to other nations, but they
  could not agree to payoff the debt to American
  citizens
• When the government borrowed money during the
  war, it issued bonds, or paper notes, promising
  to repay the money in a given period of time.
  Opponents said this would make the speculators
  rich.
• The original bond Hamilton blackmailed (Maria
  Reynolds) explanation owners were also opposed
  because they had lost money on their bonds and
  the new bond owners had made money, only to make
  more if Hamilton's plan was enacted.
• The Southern states also presented opposition
  because their state debt was less than the
  Northern states, and they would have to pay more
  than their share under Hamilton's plan.
• Hamilton proposed a compromise plan. He agreed to
  a proposal by Southern leaders to move the
  nation's capital from New York City to a special
  district in the South between Virginia and
  Maryland. This became Washington, D.C. The
  Southerners then agreed to support his plan to
  payoff the state debts.

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It proposed to pay off the growing debt from the
war by paying foreign countries money that was
borrowed, by paying off the state debts, and by
paying American citizens money borrowed from
them. By paying the debt, Hamilton believed that
he could rebuild the countrys financial
reputation and strengthen the nation. Without
such a large debt, the nation would be able to
use its money to grow instead of towards interest
payments on the debt.

• How did Hamilton's plan propose
• to strengthen the economy?

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III. Building the Economy (Page 262)

• Hamilton also proposed the creation of a
  national bank , the Bank of the United States a
  tariff, or tax, on imports and national taxes
  (excise taxes) to help the nation's economy.
  (See slides Hamilton, Jefferson and the Bank)
• Before the bill to create a national bank was
  proposed, only state banks existed.
• Hamilton proposed a protective tariff on imports.
  He hoped this would protect American industry
  from foreign competition and encourage people to
  buy American goods.
• The South opposed this tax because they had
  little industry to protect.
• Hamilton did win support in Congress for some low
  tariffs to raise money.
• Hamilton's economic program also called for
  creating national taxes.
• Hamilton's economic program gave the country new
  financial powers, but it split Congress and the
  nation.
• (So too did the French Rev)

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Chapter 8, Section 2
Maximilien Robespierre   "Terror is nothing other
than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible"

• Another issue splitting the country in was
• The French Revolution of 1789 was partly
  inspired by ideas from the earlier American
  Revolution. These ideas included the (1) people's
  right to take up arms against tyranny, the
  concept that there should (2) be no taxation
  without representation, that all men should have
  (3) liberal freedoms, and that a republic is
  superior to a monarchy.

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• Powers of the Constitution
• Delegated powers--those powers specifically
  granted to the national government. These powers
  are primarily in Article I, Section 8, clauses 1
  through 17 of the Constitution.
• Inherent powers are those powers that the
  national government gets because of being
  sovereign. Inherent powers allow the national
  government to conduct foreign relations with
  other nations.
• Reservedkept by the states or the people
• Concurrentshared by federal and state
  governments

• Impliedindirect, oblique, roundabout The
  Necessary-and-Proper Clause (also known as the
  Elastic Clause, ) is the provision in Article
  One of the United States Constitution, section 8,
  clause 18

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Hamilton, Jefferson and the Bank

• The Necessary-and-Proper Clause (also known as
  the Elastic Clause, ) is the provision in
  Article One of the United States Constitution,
  section 8, clause 18

• To take a single step beyond the boundaries thus
  specially drawn around the powers of Congress is
  to take possession of a boundless field of power
  no longer capable of being defined.the
  Constitution allows only the means which are
  necessary, not those which are merely
  convenient,

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Hamilton, Jefferson and the Bank

• It is essential to the being of the national
  government that so mistaken an idea of the
  meaning of the word necessary should be
  exploded.

29

• It is an on going issue! From whence comes the
  power to do what the government does?
• Or when is a tax not a tax?

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When Asked where the Constitution Authorizes
Congress to Order Americans To Buy Health
Insurance, Speaker Pelosi answered 'Are You
Serious?, Are you Serious?

• Speaker Pelosi's press secretary later responded
  to written follow-up questions saying, concerning
  the Constitutionality of Health Insurance
  Reform, that Congress derives the authority to
  mandate that people purchase health
  insurance from its constitutional power to
  regulate interstate commerce. (Article I, Section
  8, Clause 3).

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Obama Goes Toe-To-Toe With Stephanopoulos On "Tax
Increases"
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrL7ak__MGywfeature
relatedsafety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1sa
feactive
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Obama administration argues in court Individual
health care mandate is a tax

• In a brief defending the law, the Justice
  Department says the requirement for people to
  carry insurance or pay the penalty is a valid
  exercise of Congresss power to impose taxes.
• What can Congress do(?)depends upon where they
  claim they derive the power to do something, and
  exactly what it is theyre doing!

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He probably did want to protect the wealthy
citizens because they had the money to invest in
helping the country grow. Over time there has
been a struggle over whether or not, and how
much, the government should protect the
investments and interests of the wealthy
3. Do you think Hamilton planned to protect the
interests of the wealthy, or was this just a
by-product of his economic program?
34
Run Time 0205 Alexander Hamilton introduced
the first excise taxes to be placed on the
manufacture, sale or consumption of certain
commodities.
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IV. The Whiskey Rebellion (Pages 263-264)
George Washington and his troops near Fort
Cumberland, Maryland, before their march to
suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western
Pennsylvania.
BY AUTHORITYBy the president of the United
States of America A Proclamation Whereas,
combinations to defeat the execution of the laws
laying duties upon spirits distilled within the
United States and upon stills have from the time
of the commencement of those laws existed in some
of the western parts of Pennsylvania. And
whereas, the said combinations, G.
WASHINGTON

• Farmers resisted paying a tax on the whiskey they
  made. They usually exchanged whiskey and other
  items for goods they needed rather than buy goods
  with cash. They did not have money to pay a tax.
• In July 1794, federal officers came into western
  Pennsylvania to collect a tax. The resistance
  turned into an armed protest that was called the
  Whiskey Rebellion. first shots fired A large mob
  of people, believing they could resist the
  federal government, attacked tax collectors and
  burned buildings.
• President Washington sent an army A PROCLAMATION
  to quiet the rebellion. His actions showed
  people that the government would use force to
  maintain social order. (using the Militia Act of
  1792)

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4. Give two reasons why the western Pennsylvania
farmers were so resistant to a tax on whiskey?
These farmers (1)were not rich. Their lives were
different from Easterners living in cities or
towns. They were proud of their ability to
(2)exist by bartering their whiskey for goods
they needed. They did not have money to pay a
tax and (3)thought they could rebel against the
new government instead of paying a tax. They saw
that they could not and that they would not be
excluded from paying the whiskey tax that was
levied on all citizens
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Josiah Harmer Arthur St. Clair

• The Native Americans who lived between the
  Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
  had troubles with the new government over this
  land.
• American settlers ignored the treaties and moved
  onto the lands that were promised to the Native
  Americans. Conflict ensues!

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VI. Struggle over the West (Page 264)

• The Native Americans demanded that all settlers
  north of the Ohio River leave. Washington sent in
  another army led by Anthony Wayne. At the Battle
  of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, Wayne's army
  defeated over 1,000 Native American including
  Little Turtle Little Turtle
• The Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 to
  settle the issue. Native Americans agreed to
  surrender most of the land in present-day Ohio
  for 20,000 dollars worth of goods.

Area Open to White Settlement Also certain other
areas used by whites as portage and fort
location including Ft. Detroit and site of future
Chicago U.S. agreed to pay 20, 000 dollars in
goods to the tribes 9,500 dollars annual payments
to be divided among specified tribes Tribes
retained right to hunt throughout the area
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Must include a comparison. Because the treaty
required native Americans to give up most of
present-day Ohio in return for 20,000 worth of
goods, they lost land but gained money that they
did not have. Because the American settlers
gained more land on which to settle, they
probably fared better.
5. Which group fared better from the Treaty of
Greenville, the Native Americans or the American
settlers?
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VIII. Problems with Europe (Pages 264-266)

• The French Revolution began in 1789, just after
  Washington took office, and in 1793, Britain and
  France went to war.
• The French tried to involve the United States. In
  April 1793, the French diplomat Edmond Genet came
  to the United States to recruit American
  volunteers to attack British shipping.
• Washington announced a Proclamation of Neutrality
  on April 22 that prohibited Americans from
  fighting in the war and prohibited British
  warships from American ports.
• The British began capturing American ships that
  traded with the French. They also stopped
  American merchant ships, took their crews, and
  forced them into the British navy, or impressed
  them.
• Washington, so as to avoid war with Britain, sent
  John Jay to negotiate a peaceful solution.

41
Continued

• Jay's Treaty said that Britain shall withdraw
  from American soil, pay damages for ships they
  seize allow some American ships to trade with
  British colonies in the Caribbean Jay's treaty
  also provided for settlements of debts from
  before 1776.
• Jay's Treaty was controversial. Many Americans
  disapproved of it because it did not deal with
  British impressment or the British interference
  with American trade.
• To settle their differences with the United
  States, Spain also signed a treaty. Thomas
  Pinckney went to Spain in 1795. The Pinckney
  Treaty gave Americans the right to freely
  navigate the Mississippi River and also the right
  to trade at the port of New Orleans.

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(1)Britain sold its goods mainly to the United
States and needed to maintain a good
relationship. Britain also saw that the
(2)Americans would fight if pressured. So
Britain accepted the fact that they had to give
up their positions in the United States and agree
to the terms of Jays Treaty. (1)The United
States victories in the West made Spain realize
that it also needed to make peace. (2) Spain did
not want the United States and Britain to work
against their empire in North America, so Spain
signed the Pinckney Treaty.
6. Why did Britain and Spain sign treaties with
the United States?
43
VI. Washington's Farewell (Page 266)

• In his address Washington
• Extolls the benefits of the federal government.
  "The unity of government...is a main pillar in
  the edifice of your real independence...of your
  tranquility at home, your peace abroad of your
  safety of your prosperity of that very liberty
  which you so highly prize."
• Warns against the party system. "It serves to
  distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the
  Public Administration....agitates the Community
  with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms
  kindles the animosity of one....against
  another....it opens the door to foreign influence
  and corruption...thus the policy and the will of
  one country are subjected to the policy and will
  of another."
• Stresses the importance of religion and morality.
  "Where is the security for property, for
  reputation, for life, if the sense of religious
  obligation desert the oaths, which are the
  instruments of investigation in Courts of
  Justice?"
• On stable public credit. "...cherish public
  credit. One method of preserving it is to use it
  as sparingly as possible...avoiding likewise the
  accumulation of debt....it is essential that
  you...bear in mind, that towards the payments of
  debts there must be Revenue, that to have Revenue
  there must be taxes that no taxes can be
  devised, which are not...inconvenient and
  unpleasant..."
• Warns against permanent foreign alliances. "It is
  our true policy to steer clear of permanent
  alliances with any portion of the foreign
  world..."
• On an over-powerful military establishment.
  "...avoid the necessity of those overgrown
  military establishments, which, under any form of
  government, are inauspicious to liberty, and
  which are to be regarded as particularly hostile
  to Republican Liberty."
• In saying farewell to the new nation he helped
  create Washington pointed out that ".......the
  name of American, which belongs to you, in your
  national capacity, must always exalt the just
  pride of Patriotism..."
• To the great soldier, statesman and leader of his
  country...no tribute could be more fitting.
  (Largely written by Hamiltion)

• Washington had served two terms as president and
  chose not to seek a third term.
• In his farewell address, he spoke about the evils
  of political parties and the problems of foreign
  affairs. His parting words influenced the
  nation's foreign policy for more than 100 years.
• Washington's speech is read aloud in the Senate
  each year on his birthday. Born February 22, 1732

44
Should include a discussion of the problems she
encountered as president that influenced him to
say the Unites States should avoid permanent
alliances and remain neutral. He wanted the
country to focus on running itself and growing.
By avoiding entanglements the nation could focus
on growing and establishing a strong government
7. Why do you think Washington was so concerned
about avoiding "permanent alliances" with foreign
nations?
45
Washingtons grave Mt. Vernon(Findagrave.com)
1799, Washington unexpectedly diedBetween two
and three oclock on Saturday morning he awork
Mrs. Washington, and told here he was very
unwellOctober 11, 1816, Tobias Lear committed
suicide by shooting himself
46
Did You Know?

• According to present-day writer George F. Will,
  Alexander Hamilton's ideas are still affecting
  Americans today. "There is an elegant memorial
  photo in Washington to Jefferson, but none to
  Hamilton. However, if you seek Hamilton's
  monument, look around. You are living in it. We
  honor Jefferson, but we live in Hamilton's
  country, a mighty industrial nation with a strong
  central government." -George F. Will,
  Restoration, 1992.

Statue of Hamilton in front of the Treasury
Department Building
47
IX. Opposing Views (Pages 267-270)
The Federalist No. 10 James Madison AMONG the
numerous advantages promised by a well
constructed Union, none deserves to be more
accurately developed than its tendency to break
and control the violence of faction. The friend
of popular governments never finds himself so
much alarmed for their character and fate, as
when he contemplates their propensity to this
dangerous vice. By a faction, I understand a
number of citizens, whether amounting to a
majority or a minority of the whole, who are
united and actuated by some common impulse of
passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights
of other citizens, or to the permanent and
aggregate interests of the community. we
behold a republican remedy for the diseases most
incident to republican government. And according
to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in
being republicans, ought to be our zeal in
cherishing the spirit and supporting the
character of Federalists.
" serves to distract the Public Councils, and
enfeeble the Public Administration....agitates
the Community with ill-founded jealousies and
false alarms kindles the animosity of
one....against another....it opens the door to
foreign influence and corruption...thus the
policy and the will of one country are subjected
to the policy and will of another." Washington
on political parties

• Most Americans in the late 1700s considered
  political parties harmful and to be avoided.
  Political parties were not mentioned in the
  Constitution. Washington denounced them. Madison
  warned against them.
• By 1796 Americans were beginning to divide into
  opposing groups and form political parties
• Two distinct political parties emerged-the
  Federalists and the Republicans, also called the
  Democratic-Republicans.

48
Run Time 0631 A growing conflict over
creating a national bank arose between Alexander
Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. Trace the location
of the nation's capital. Learn how conflicts led
to a split of political parties after George
Washington's two terms.
49
(No Transcript)
50
Continued IX.

• The Federalists generally supported policies of
  Alexander Hamilton. Its policies favored
  representative government in which elected
  officials ruled in the people's name
• 1. a strong federal government
• 2. banking and shipping interests
• 3. rule by the wealthy
• 4. a national bank
• a loose interpretation of the Constitution or
  implied powers
• a British alliance
• protective tariffs

51
The Washington Cabinet Office Name Term Pr
esident George Washington 17891797 Vice
President John Adams 17891797 Secretary of
State Thomas Jefferson 17901793 Edmund
Randolph17941795 Timothy Pickering17951797
Secretary of Treasury Alexander
Hamilton17891795 Oliver Wolcott, Jr.
17951797 Secretary of War Henry
Knox 17891794 Timothy Pickering17951795 Ja
mes McHenry 17961797 Attorney General Edmund
Randolph17891794 William Bradford 17941795
Charles Lee 17951797
52
IX. Continued

• In the 1796 presidential election, candidates
  were members of a political party. At caucuses,
  or political-party meetings, members of Congress
  and other leaders chose their party's candidates.
• The Federalists nominated John Adams for
  president and Charles Pinckney for vice
  president.
• The Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for
  president and Aaron Burr for vice-president.
• Adams won the election with 71 electoral votes.
  Jefferson received 68 votes. Jefferson became the
  vice president, because at the time, the person
  with the second-highest number of electoral votes
  became vice president. Jefferson and Adams were
  of different political parties.

53
IX. Continued

• The Republicans, or Democratic-Republicans, led
  by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
• Madison favored
• strong state governments and limited federal
  government powers
• emphasis on agricultural products
• rule by the people
• government in which people participate
• state banks vs. a national bank
• a strict interpretation of the Constitution
• a French alliance
• free trade
• By 1793 Jefferson resigned as secretary of state
  and in 1795 Hamilton resigned as secretary of the
  treasury because of their differences.

54
Run Time 0737 Examine the emergence of
political parties in the United States. See how
the parties evolved in our early national
history--from Federalists and Jeffersonian
Republicans to modern-day Republicans and
Democrats.
55
The Adams Cabinet Office Name Term Presiden
t John Adams 17971801 Vice President Thomas
Jefferson 17971801 Secretary of State Timothy
Pickering 17971800 John Marshall 18001801
Secretary of Treasury Oliver Wolcott,
Jr. 17971801 Samuel Dexter 1801 Secretary
of War James McHenry 17961800 Samuel
Dexter 18001801 Attorney General Charles
Lee 17971801 Secretary of the Navy Benjamin
Stoddert 17981801
56
Answers should include the idea that it is hard
enough to get consensus, or agreement, within a
party and even more difficult to get people from
different parties to agree when they hold the
offices of president and vice president
concurrently. The electoral process was later
changed so that people elected a slate, not
individuals.
8. Why do you think the electoral process was
changed so that results like the 1796 election
with people from different parties holding office
together would not occur again?
57
VIII. President John Adams (Pages 270-272)

• John Adams served as vice president under
  Washington for two terms before becoming the
  Second president of the United States. He spent
  most of his life in public service.
• A dispute with France over the terms of Jay's
  Treaty ended in an incident known as the XYZ
  affair.
• The French saw the treaty as the United States
  helping the British in the war with France, so
  they seized American ships carrying cargo to
  Britain.
• To avoid war with France, Adams sent a
  delegation to Paris to resolve the issue.
• Charles de Talleyrand, the French foreign
  minister, refused to meet with the Americans and
  sent three agents who demanded a bribe and a
  United States loan for France.
• The Americans refused the terms, and when Adams
  heard about the incident, he referred to the
  three agents as X, Y, and Z.
• Adams urged Congress to prepare for war.
  Congress strengthened the armed forces,
  established the Navy Department in April 1798,
  and allotted money to build warships. George
  Washington was appointed commanding general.
• This undeclared sea war between American and
  French naval forces between 1798 and 1800 saw
  more than 90 French armed ships seized. France
  now became the enemy for many Americans.

Media War!
The National Gazette a Democratic-Republlican
paper
Gazette of the United States friendlyto
Washington, and to the policies Federalist
Party.
58
Run Time 0304 Problems with the French
prompted the Federalists to authorize the Alien
and Sedition Acts. Discover the effect these acts
had on the free press as well as John Adams's
hopes for re-election. Examine his success in
avoiding war with France.
59
IX. Continued

• KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS
• by Thomas Jefferson, 1798
• Resolves That, therefore, the act of Congress of
  the United States, passed on the 14th day of
  July, 1798, intituled An Act in addition to the
  act intituled An Act for the punishment of
  certain crimes against the United States, which
  does abridge the freedom of the press, is not
  law, but is altogether void, and of no force.
• 4. ResolvedAn Act concerning aliens, which
  assumes powers over alien friends, not delegated
  by the Constitution, is not law, but is
  altogether void, and of no force.

• In 1798 Congress passed a group of measures
  called the Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and
  Sedition Acts. These laws were passed to protect
  the nation's security.
• 1. Americans became more suspicious of aliens, or
  people living in the United States who were not
  citizens, especially Europeans who came in the
  1790s and who supported the ideals of the French
  Revolution.
• Sedition refers to activities aimed at weakening
  established government. One of the people
  arrested under the Sedition Act was congressman
  Matthew Lyon.
• The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798
  and 1799 were resolutions written by Madison and
  Jefferson on states' rights. The resolution said
  that the Alien and Sedition Acts could not become
  effective because they violated the Constitution.
• They also said that the people of each state had
  the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law
  within that state.
• They showed that many Americans feared a strong
  central government that could interfere with
  their rights. The issue of states' rights would
  continue, and in time lead to civil war.

60
Run Time 0424 The election for the second
president of the United States began a bitter
rivalry between John Adams and his vice
president, Thomas Jefferson. Learn about Adams's
disloyal cabinet, his problems with diplomacy,
and his relationship with his wife, Abigail.
61

• The undeclared war with France needed
  resolution. Federalists urged Adams to step up
  the war with France. They hoped to benefit
  politically from a war. Adams refused to rush a
  war and appointed a commission to seek peace with
  France. In 1800 the French agreed to a treaty and
  stopped attacks on American ships.
• This agreement hurt Adams's chance for
  reelection. Hamilton and his supporters now
  opposed their own president. Because of this rift
  in the Federalist Party, the Republicans now had
  a good chance to win the 1800 presidential
  election.

62
Pick one essay to answer.

• Who was involved in the Whiskey Rebellion and why
  were they protesting? What action did the
  government take and why was this important?
• How did the administration that took office in
  1797 come to have a Federalist president and a
  Republican vice president?

63
Answers should include an analysis of the
foreign-affairs issues, the issue of states
rights versus a strong federal government , and
the political party issues so students can make
an informed decision.
9. Under the Adams presidency, what do you think
was the most important event or decision that
occurred?