Bellringer

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Bellringer

• Who is the father of genetics?
• What is the genotype?
• What is the phenotype?
• What is homozygous?
• What is heterozygous?
• What is a dominant trait?
• What is a recessive trait?

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Genetic Engineering and The Human Genome
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Selective Breeding

• Humans use selective breeding to pass desired
  traits on to the next generation.
• Hybrids can be used to increase hardiness of
  plants.
• Inbreeding keeps desired traits within a line of
  organisms by breeding related organisms.

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Increasing Variation

• To increase variation, breeders often introduce
  mutations (the ultimate source for genetic
  variation) into the population.

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Manipulating DNA

• Using their knowledge of DNA and various
  techniques, scientists can extract, cut, identify
  and copy DNA.
• DNA Extraction simple chemical procedure
  separate DNA.
• DNA Cutting restriction enzymes cut particular
  DNA sequences.
• Separating DNA gel electrophoresis.
• Copy using polymerace chain reaction PCR

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Gel Electophoresis and PCR
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Transgenic Organisms

• Transgenic organisms contain genes from other
  organisms.
• Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.
• Using bacteria to make human insulin.
• Using genetic modification to improve food supply
  known as GM foods.

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Cloning

• A clone is a member of a population of
  genetically identical cells produced from a
  single cell.
• Dolly
• Cows , Cats and more.
• Bring back endangered or even extinct species.

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Human Chromosomes

• 23 pairs of Chromosomes for a total of 46.
• 22 pairs of autosomes or non sex chromosomes for
  a total of 44.
• 1 pair of sex chromosomes for a total of 2.
• Karyotypes, pictures of chromosomes, can be used
  to study our chromosomes.

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Karyotype a picture of chromosomes arranged in
pairs
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Pedigree

• Pedigrees are charts that show relationships
  within a family.

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Sex Linked Pedigree
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Human Genes

• The Human Genome is the complete sequencing of
  human genes.
• Blood Groups blood comes in a variety of types
  A B AB and O. They also have an Rh factor or
  rhesus monkey factor. Rh is dominant and Rh- is
  recessive.

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Autosomal Disorders
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Sex-Linked

• Genes located on the sex chromosomes.
• Males have one X chromosome and are thus all
  inherited X-linked traits are expressed in males.
• Disorders Colorblindness, Hemophilia, and
  Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
• X Chromosome inactivation results when females
  turn off their extra X chromosome.
• This can result in different color patches on
  skin or fur such as calico cats.

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Patterns in Sex Linked Traits
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Colorblindness
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Hemophilia
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Chromosome Disorders

• Nondisjunction occurs when chromosomes fail to
  separate during meiosis.
• The result is an abnormal number of chromosomes.
• Down Syndrome Extra chromosome at position 21.
• Turners Syndrome a female with only one X
  chromosome
• Klinefelters syndrome In Males too many X
  chromosomes. Ie. XXXXXY or XXY.

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Gene Therapy

• In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene is
  replaced by a normal, working gene.

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Human Genome and Gene Therapy