Bellringer

1
Bellringer

• a review
• Create a list of newspaper headlines to describe
  the changes that European society is experiencing
  between 1750 and 1914.

2

• Europes domestic changes are expressed abroad as
  well
• Perhaps the best example of the shifting foreign
  affairs of Europeans is India.

3
Chronology Shift in Europe

• Domestic
• Political upheaval
• Political stability cultural changes
• Children women
• Leisure
• Germ-theory evolution
• More powerful governments

• Foreign Interactions
• Motivated by profits of spice trade
• Expansion was gradual ex coastal enclaves
• Indirectly rule locals
• Little influence on local culture
• Motivated by competition
• Expansion is rapid ex land-based empires
• Directly rule locals
• Heavily influence local culture

1750-1850
1850-1914
4
Political Evolution of South Asia
5
Pre-European India

6
Early History

• 1st settlers Dravidians
• Aryans conquerors enter
• Establish caste system
• Only occasionally, strong rulers united the
  northern plain

7
Muslims First Arrive

• After the rise of Islam, waves of Muslims swept
  into South Asia.
• Religious differences tension
• Examples
• Muslims destroying Hindu temples
• Hindu bhaktic cults in response

8
Mughal Empire (1500s to mid-1700s)

• Longest period of South Asian unification
• Governed over 1 million people
• Tolerant of religions
• Peace Golden Age of art, architecture, trade

9
Mughal Empire (1500s to mid-1700s)

• Akbar the Great
• Ruled 1556-1569
• Brutal military commander, but
• Tolerant ruler allowing religious diversity
• Patron of arts architecture

10
Mughal Empire (1500s to mid-1700s)

• Shah Jahan
• Ruled 1628-1658
• Led opulent court life
• Best known for architecture

11
Mughal Empire (1500s to mid-1700s)

• Aurangzeb
• Ruled 1658-1707
• Expanded Mughal territory, but
• Very puritanical reign
• Taxed non-Muslims
• Revoked rights of Hindus
• Religious tensions mounted and revolts became
  common

12
How did Hindu-Muslim relations evolve prior to
Europeans arriving?
13
European Imperialism

• 1450-1850

14
European India

• Vasco da Gama exploration of the world led to
  increased trade interest with South Asia
• Portuguese Goa
• Dutch East India Company Sri Lanka spice
  islands
• British East India Company Calcutta, Bombay,
  Madras

15
European India

• British East India Company establish a monopoly
• Particular interest in cotton, opium, spices,
  indigo

But How were less than 100,000 British able to
rule 325,000,000 unwilling Indians?
16
European India

• British East India Company rule
• At first learned Indian culture intermarried
• Used Indian princes as figureheads
• Pitted Hindus against Muslims
• Kept Indian bankers merchants benefiting from
  British trade
• Used Sepoys
• British trained Indian soldiers to protect trade

17
European India

18
Transition from Imperialism to Colonization

• Mid-19th century

19
Transitional Period

• Soon, British perception of India shift from
  appreciation to condemnation of past customs
• Educated Indians English, British Lit, Bible
• Further divides Indian society
• British Built railroads, telegraphs, postal
  service
• Further empowers British

20
Transitional Period

• transitional spark
• Sepoy Rebellion (1857-1859)
• Also called Great Mutiny Indias first war
  for independence
• Violence started after rumors of equipping
  Sepoys with guns that are greased with animal
  fat
• Huge casualties - lack of org
• British victorious India is saved by the
  telegraph

21
British Colonization

• 1850-1914

22
Colonialism

• Rebellion causes British tighten hold on India
  move to formal colony
• Set-up official colonial government Raj
• direct rule
• Tax Indian textiles, salt
• Tight British grip leads to organized Indian
  nationalist movements

23
Growth of Hindu Nationalism

• Groups like the Indian National Congress were
  formed
• Virtually all of the INC was Hindu, lived in
  cities, British educated
• Muslim community watches suspiciously
• Amritsar Massacre
• Gives nationalism more momentum

24

25
Summary

• British set up British East India Trading Company
  for 3 Gs
• Exploit division b/t Hindus Muslims
• British rule contradicts many Indian customs
  nationalism grows
• Sepoy Rebellion, INC, Muslim League
• Rise of Gandhi nonviolent protest
• WWII weakens Britain
• India divided into two nations India
  (Hindu/secular), Pakistan (Muslim)