Chapter 5: Moving Toward Revolution

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Chapter 5 Moving Toward Revolution
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Section 1 Widening Conflicts

• Before 1690, colonists had fights and wars with
  the Indians
• After 1690, colonists got more involved battles
  that were a result of conflicts in Europe
• Late 1600s, France replaces Spain as the rival
  to Great Britain in world affairs
• Fought a series of wars that lasted 75 years
• Eventually spilled over into North America

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Continue Widening Conflicts

• French and British clashed along the western
  frontier in North America
• By the early 1700s, France and Britain fought
  over the entire western frontier the Ohio and
  Mississippi River valleys
• Colonies fought over the political and economic
  wealth of the colonies losing them would be
  disasterous

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British and French Powers

• French controlled the land in Europe, the British
  the seas but in North America is was about even
• British advantages 1.5 million colonists versus
  75,000 French British colonist militia versus
  the French fur trading companies British were
  self-supporting where the French had to rely on
  imports (food and goods)

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Continue British and French Powers

• French advantages had one colonial government
  not 13 separate assemblies French colonies were
  clustered together rather than being spread out
  (lead to rapid defense of settlements) largest
  settlements were well fortified

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Indian Involvement

• Each group tried to get Indians to fight for
  their side
• French allied with the Algonquins and Hurons
• British allied with Iroquois (from time to time
  due to the hatred of the Algonquin) and the
  Mohawks

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Clashes in the Ohio Valley

• See map on page 135
• British claims from the eastern coast, the
  Hudson Bay area to the Appalachian Mountains
• French claims west of British claims to west of
  the Mississippi River
• Both claimed the Ohio River valley
• French were protective of the lands west of the
  Appalachian Mountains

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Continue Clashes in the Ohio Valley

• 1750s, the French send troops from Canada to
  occupy the Ohio Valley
• Put up signs along the river telling travelers to
  stay out
• Built forts along the Appalachian Mountains
• (Both forget they were fighting over Native
  American lands, not their own!)
• 1754, Colonel George Washington leads the
  Virginia militia to drive the French out of the
  Ohio Valley

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Continue Clashes in the Ohio Valley

• With 150 men, Washington approach Fort Duquesne
  (outside what is now Pittsburgh)
• Realizes he cant win a fight with his small
  group, he waits until the French venture outside
  the walls
• He attacks a French scouting party killing 12 and
  capturing 20 he then retreats to Fort Necessity
  (an outpost)

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Continue Clashes in the Ohio Valley

• French find out about the attack and surround
  Fort Necessity forcing Washington to surrender
• Sends him back to Virginia with a message that
  the French intend to control the land west of the
  Appalachian Mountains
• Set up clash of the French and British in North
  America

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The Albany Plan

• After the defeat, 11 colonial delegates met in
  Albany, NY (NJ and VA dont send delegates) to
  ask the Iroquois to be allies and its where Ben
  Franklin came up with the Albany Plan a loose
  confederation of the 13 British colonies to
  cooperate in the fight against France
• All colonial assemblies had to approve, as well
  as the British Parliament
• Both ultimately rejected the plan

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Continue The Albany Plan

• Without the Albany Plan, the colonists lack unity
• The were destroyed because of this in the first
  few battles
• By 1754, the British and French became engaged in
  what is know as the French and Indian War
  (America) or the Seven Years War (Europe)
• The War That Made America PBS
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDVY4H9P6nKU

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Section 2 The French and Indian War

• Both the British and the French wanted to keep
  the Ohio Valley
• British sent General Edward Braddock to the
  colonies with 1400 troops and expected another
  1000 colonial militia to join him

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Early British Defeats

• General Braddock and his men were ambushed by the
  French and Indians as they crossed the Monogahela
  River
• Partly because of the tight formation of the
  European style of fighting and the guerilla
  tactics of the French and Indians, after a 3 hour
  battle, 70 of his troops were dead or wounded
  and General Braddock himself was dead

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Continue Early British Defeats

• George Washington survived even though 2 horses
  he was riding were shot out from under him and he
  had bullet holes in his uniform
• He led some survivors back to Virginia
• No one had a strategy (in Britain or the
  colonies) to defeat the French
• In 1756, the British finally declared war on the
  French

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Britain Builds an Empire

• In late 1756, William Pitt becomes Britains
  Secretary of State (used his position and genius
  to turn the war around)
• Believed that North America is where the British
  could defeat the French
• Shifted war efforts there and became determined
  to expel the French no matter the cost

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Continue British Builds an Empire

• Pitt took a personal interest in the army and
  navy
• He mapped war strategies and promoted promising,
  young officers over the old guard
• Increased military expenditures (money spent)
  which created a huge national debt
• Pitt knew that to win in North America, they
  needed to conquer Canada

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Continue British Builds an Empire

• Pitt chooses Lord Jeffery Amherst and James Wolfe
  to lead the campaign
• Started by attacking Louisbourg, a French
  fortress, on Cape Breton Island
• Although overpowered by the 400 French cannons
  and thick granite walls, they prevailed and
  Louisbourg was taken
• The British then captured Forts Ticonderoga,
  Crown Point, Niagara and Fort Duquesne (which
  they renamed Fort Pitt)

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Continue British Builds an Empire

• In 1759, Major General James Wolfe led 250
  British ships that carried 8000 troops to try to
  force the surrender of the fort at Quebec
• Quebec was the best defended of the French forts
  and was defended by the Marquis de Montcalm
• The fort sat on a 300 foot cliff above the river
  and offered great protections

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Continue British Builds an Empire

• Wolfe found out about a small path that led to a
  field called the Plains of Abraham at the top of
  the cliff that the French didnt notice
• On Sept. 12, 1759, Wolfe and his troops snuck up
  the path on the 13th, Montcalm woke up and
  looked out to see the British infantry lined up
  in battle formation to fight
• Montcalm assembled his troops and sent them out
  to fight
• While the British would win the battle, both
  Wolfe and Montcalm would die from their battle
  wounds

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Continue British Builds an Empire

• On Sept 8, 1760, Jeffery Amherst would accept the
  Frenchs surrender at Montreal

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The Treaty of Paris

• Though the French surrendered in 1760, there was
  scattered fighting until 1763
• The Treaty of Paris was signed on February 10,
  1763
• France had to give up a lot of land
• See the maps on page 140
• The French and Indian War made the colonists
  really work together for the first time

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Continue Treaty of Paris

• Many colonists saw the western frontier for the
  first time
• Because of the colonists/militia serving with the
  best trained soldiers, they gained great
  experience
• People like George Washington emerged as a
  colonial leader

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Section 3 The Burdens of Empire

• After the war, Britain took more control over its
  colonies
• Closed the frontier to explorers this kept the
  colonists along the Atlantic coast and was a way
  to protect Indians from losing land (and
  colonists from dying and fighting battles with
  Indians)
• Then, the British started to impose new taxes,
  pass new laws and institute new policies

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Continue The Burdens of Empire

• All of these caused problems with the colonists

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Governing an Empire

• Britain had to pay huge war debts
• They also had to protect the new lands
• Britain had to develop a new system of rules that
  benefitted both the empire and Great Britain
• The new King, George, became king in 1760 at 22
  and had neither a good education or political
  experience

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Continue Governing an Empire

• King George didnt listen to his advisors, nor
  did the Parliament understand colonial issues and
  ideas

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Frontier Unrest and Money Quarrels

• Many colonists were eager to travel over the
  Appalachian Mountains
• This angered the natives and they fought back
• To stop the fighting, King George issued the
  Proclamation to close the Western frontier to the
  settlers
• Colonists still traveled and tried to settle out
  west

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Continue Frontier Unrest and Money Quarrels

• The Revenue Act, aka the Sugar Act, meant to
  raise money by taxing, or putting a duty on,
  molasses
• Also taxed silks from China, wine from Europe and
  certain colonial products like whale fins
• Parliament lowered the tax by half to make the
  colonists more open to paying the tax

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Continue Frontier Unrest and Money Quarrels

• To help British officials help find lawbreakers,
  they were given writs of assistance or search
  warrants to help find them
• The could board ships, warehouses and even
  private homes
• Colonial merchants lost money because of the tax
  and enforcement of the Act
• This was the first cry of no taxation without
  representation

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Colonists Share the Cost

• Parliament also passed the two following taxes
• The Stamp Act required stamps to be placed on
  all documents marriage licenses, wills, decks of
  cards, newspapers, calendars, dice and other
  items
• Quartering Act ordered colonies to provide
  British troops with food and places to live

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Furor over the Stamp Act

• Colonists were stunned by the Acts and taxes
• Started to speak of the British tyranny or unjust
  use of power
• Met as a Congress to write letters to King George
  and Parliament vowing loyalty to Britain but that
  only the colonists had the right to tax colonists

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Continue Furor over the Stamp Act

• People started to protest for Parliament to
  repeal or do away with the Stamp Act
• Merchants refused to import British goods with
  nonimportation agreements
• Got people to boycott (refuse to buy) British
  goods under the threat of being tarred and
  feathered
• Started making goods here in the colonies instead

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Continue Furor over the Stamp Act

• Started threatening stamp distributors with
  burning figures of them and tearing down their
  offices

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Parliament Yields to Pressure

• Some in Parliament defended the colonists while
  others wanted to punish them
• They were worried about losing business from the
  boycott
• They repealed the Stamp Act but passed the
  Declaratory Act, giving Parliament control over
  laws that control the colonists in all cases

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Section 4 The Conflict Deepens

• William Pitt becomes an influential leader again
  and sympathized with the colonists complaints
• Hoped to forge a compromise
• Fell ill before he could do anything and left
  politics
• Charles Townshend takes over leadership, head of
  the British treasury

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Britain Increases Control

• Townshend isnt like Pitt
• He jokes about the colonists complaints
• Since the colonists didnt like internal taxes,
  hed give them external taxes those put on
  trade
• Townshend Acts
• Set a duty on paper, lead, glass, paint and tea
• Quartered troops in New York
• Challenged the right to colonial self-government

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Continue Britain Increases Control

• Colonist fought with no taxation without
  representation
• Colonies agreed not to import goods, but made
  their own
• Samual Adams sent around a circular letter to
  other assemblies to ask how to oppose the
  Townshend Acts
• Townshend died but his successor Lord
  Hillsborough told the Mass. Assembly to withdraw
  the letter they refused

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Continue Britain Increases Control

• Colonists were convinced they were being wronged
  by an unjust government
• They began to communicate more

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Tensions Mount

• Britain moved 4,000 troops from Nova Scotia and
  Ireland to Boston this angered the colonists
• March 5, 1770 men and boys threw snowballs and
  ice at the troops and in return they fired
• 5 colonists died this became known as the Boston
  Massacre
• Soldiers were put on trial but were defended by
  John Adams who believed in the right to a fair
  trial
• All were freed but 2 who got a small sentence

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Continue Tensions Mount

• Colonial boycott of British goods caused British
  trade to drop by 1/3 (and caused the growth of
  some colonial industry)
• The Townshend Acts are repealed except on tea (to
  remind the colonists who was boss)

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The Colonies Begin to Unite

• British tax collectors are still a minor nuisance
• Sam Adams reminds people of the repeal of the
  Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre
• Gets committees of correspondence up and running
  throughout Massachusetts a network of
  communication

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The Tea Act

• May 1773, Parliament passes the Tea Act allowing
  the East India Tea Company to see tea directly to
  the people rather than merchants
• Still seen as taxation without representation
  even with the lower costs seen as driving out
  colonial merchants
• When loads of tea came to Boston, the governor
  refused to send it back
• When he refused, colonists dressed as Indians and
  threw the tea into the Harbor the Boston Tea
  Party

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Section 5 Challenge and Resistance

• The King and Parliament were very upset over the
  colonists destruction of private property
• William Pitt came out of retirement to speak on
  behalf of the colonists but the King and
  Parliament didnt want to hear it

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The Coercive Acts

• March 1774, Parliament passes 4 new laws to
  control the colonies
• Called the Coercive Acts in Britain but the
  Intolerable Acts in the colonies
• First, closed the Boston port until the tea was
  paid for
• Second, limited town meetings to once per year
  (also changed the Mass. Government from elected
  to appointed)
• Third, those soldiers arrest for the Boston
  Massacre could have their trials moved to Britain
• Fourth, a new quartering act covering private
  buldings

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Continue The Coercive Acts

• To get around the Boston harbor closing, the
  other colonies sent supplies and money by wagon
  to survive the absent supply ships

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The First Continental Congress

• The committees of correspondence called for a
  Continental Congress
• 56 delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia
  on September 5, 1774
• Georgia sent no one but agreed to support the
  Congress
• Attendees
• Sam and John Adams
• John Jay
• Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry and George
  Washington
• Most were lawyers or owned huge estates and
  attended college
• No blacks, Indians or women

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Continue The First Continental Congress

• Sam Adams led the Congress to urge people to arm
  themselves and ready their militia
• Sent a letter to King George asking for the
  punishment of Boston to stop and restore peace
  between colonies and Britain
• Colonies agreed to end trade with Britain until
  the Coercive/Intolerable Acts were repealed
• Promised to meet again on May 10, 1775
• The King blew off the letter and sent more troops
  to the colonies

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Lexington and Concord

• Tensions mount in the winter to spring of 1774 to
  1775
• Parliament refused to repeal the
  Coercive/Intolerable Acts
• Patrick Henry declares but as for me give me
  liberty or give me death
• Militia groups begin training for conflict
• Minutemen citizen soldiers read to fight at a
  moments notice are organized in many towns and
  villages
• Walk up and down the street in Boston

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Continue Lexington and Concord

• General Thomas Gage (British commander in Boston)
  hears the reports of colonial arming themselves
  and stockpiling military supplies in Concord
• Has orders to seize the supplies and arrest Sam
  Adams and John Hancock
• Both are charged with treason, or betrayal of
  ones country
• Both flee and hide in Lexington

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Continue Lexington and Concord

• 700 British troops try to leave Boston under
  darkness but are spotted by Dr. Joseph Warren who
  runs to a bell tower to signal Paul Revere and
  William Dawes by lantern twice
• Both mount horses and head to Lexington to alert
  the minutemen
• Met up with by Dr. Samuel Prescott in Lexington
  who rides with them to alert minutemen in Concord
• Revere is arrested but Dawes escapes on foot and
  Prescott rides to Concord alone

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Continue Lexington and Concord

• British lose the element of surprise
• Lamplights in windows and William Diamonds
  drumming call the minutemen to Lexingtons
  village green
• 70 colonial farmers wait to confront the British
  soldiers
• As the British show up on the morning of April
  19th, no one plans to fight, given the order to
  fall back by minuteman commander John Parker
• A shot is fired (probably by a minuteman) and
  then the British open fire killing 8 and wounding
  10

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Continue Lexington and Concord

• By the time the British got to Concord, the
  colonists were ready
• The colonists met the British on the North Bridge
  and fired the shot heard round the world
• Used guerilla tactics like hiding behind walls
  and shooting from windows
• By the time the British were on their way to
  Boston, 247 redcoats and 93 colonists were dead
• Colonial delegates headed back to Philadelphia
  for the Second Continental Congress