Bellringer

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Bellringer

• Write a 1-3 paragraph narrative summary of the
  history of the Indian Ocean trade between 600 and
  1750.
• Consider
• groups involved, locations traded to, merchant
  interactions, commodities traded, impacts and
  exchanges

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Ming Dynasty

• Tradition Change China

A History of World Societies by McKay Pg. 575-585
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Ming Reign

• 1368-1644
• What can be deduced from the years of reign?
• Doesnt fit periodization based on European
  history because
• China is the least affected by Europeans
• Who preceded the Ming?
• Who succeeded the Ming?

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Ming Themes

• Agricultural reconstruction
• Maritime expeditions
• Commercial expansion
• Urban culture

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Ming Government

• Emperors incompetent or erratic, despotic,
  ruthless
• Used exam system scholar bureaucrats but
  cautiously
• Increased centralization
• Example No chancellor
• Disadvantages?

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Forbidden City

• New Capital at Beijing
• Wealth, Power, Prestige (ie
  centralization) of emperors

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Ming Government

• Eunuchs
• Castrated male slaves
• Acquired in dubious fashion
• Compliant subservient
• Increasingly filled key government roles

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Ming Government

• Scholar-bureaucrats
• Prized status because of education government
  service
• Threatened by eunuchs emperors
• Often favored weak emperors to allow bureaucracy
  to manage empire

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Ming Military

• Not expansionist
• Used hereditary service obligations
• Garrisons in north Great Wall to control
  Mongols
• Seemingly self-sufficient
• Ultimately, weak relying on northern nomads for
  security

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Ming Daily Life

• Centered on family
• Marriage, Male heirs
• Status combination of wealth, education,
  family, government office
• Merchants still looked down on
• Attempted to marry scholar-bureaucrats for status

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Ming Daily Life

• Urban life
• Silver as currency
• Advantages? Disadvantages?
• Expansion of cities trade make economy strong
• Printing finally yields results
• New educated middle class

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Ming Daily Life

• Rural life
• Reclaiming land
• Terracing farms
• Increased output increased population

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Ming Decline

• Dynastic cycle

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• Zheng Hes Expeditions
• How are his personal background, his purpose,
  his interactions with scholars symbolic of the
  Ming?

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Qing Dynasty

• 1644-1911

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Qing Themes

• Northern nomadic Manchus used to suppress rebels
  ascend to throne
• Expand China to new areas

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• Economic and Social Changes

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• How did this dynasty rise to power?
• Chinese took advantage of chaos of late Yuan rule
  to rebel against Mongols
• Rebel leader and founder of Ming Dynasty, Hong
  Wu, named his dynasty brilliant

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• How did this dynasty govern China?
• reintroduced Civil-Service Exam
• Emperors extremely powerful, often ruled as
  despots
• Increased centralization
• Reduced factionalism

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• How did dynasty affect daily life in China?
• Rebuilt bridges, canals, roads, temples, shrines,
  tax reform, Great Wall
• Early attempts to help peasants
• Late gentry dominance grows

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• What belief systems did this dynasty encourage?
  Discourage?
• Rebirth of adherence to Confucianism
• Many Chinese combined belief in Daoism,
  Confucianism, and Buddhism

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European Arrival in Asia

• Asian Sea Trading Network
• What did European bring how did Asian societies
  react?

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JAPAN
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Timeline

• c.1000-1540 Feudal Japan
• Emperors Shoguns w/o authority
• Daimyo w/ control
• War common

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In order to get power, one must attack those who
have it.
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Bringing Unity

• From feudal civil war, three military generals
  unified Japan
• Nobunaga
• Hideyoshi
• Tokugawa
• Make use of European imports to strike at old
  authority
• Use guns surprise attacks to undermine rival
  daimyo
• Use Christianity to undermine Buddhism

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Timeline

• c.1000-1540 Feudal Japan
• Emperors Shoguns w/o authority
• Daimyo w/ control
• War common
• 1540-1600 Unification
• Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Tokugawa
• Era of European influence

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After Unification

• Unification by generals brought strict military
  government
• Emperor remained figurehead in Kyoto
• Daimyo remained regional lords
• butloyal to military dictator, Shogun
• Tokugawa Shogunate
• (Edo Period)

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Timeline

• c.1000-1540 Feudal Japan
• Emperors Shoguns w/o authority
• Daimyo w/ control
• War common
• 1540-1600 Unification
• Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Tokugawa
• Europeans bring guns Christianity
• 1600-1867 Tokugawa Shogunate

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In order to keep power, one must prevent others
from getting it
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After Unification

• Most European influence removed
• Christians persecuted
• Guns banned

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Selective Borrowing

• Attempted to balance change stability
• Dutch exchange at Nagasaki
• Technology science
• Manufactured good techniques
• School of National Learning
• Emphasized Japanese heritage
• Shinto
• Respect for emperor
• Samurai culture bushido

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Maintain Control?

• remove rival influences, but how to create
  loyalty?

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Loyalty?

• Alternate Attendance System
• Daimyo 1 yr in Edo (Tokyo),
• 1 yr in district
• Travel gift giving
• Result improved economy
• Improved roads internal commercial economy

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Result

• Unification brought
• Peace end to civil war
• Rigid hierarchy
• Controlled isolation
• Internal development
• Heritage emphasized

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But

• Social upheaval still on horizon
• With peace came
• innovation economic growth
• Which led to
• population growth, decreased need for Samurai,
  increased wealth of merchants