BODY SYSTEMS

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BODY SYSTEMS

• CELLS?TISSUES?ORGANS?SYSTEMS

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin, hair, nails
• Serves as a barrier to outside invaders
• Largest organ in the body

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• Heart-pumps blood
• Arteries-high pressure, high O2 vessels
• Veins-low pressure, low O2 vessels
• Capillaries-tiniest vessels that allow gases and
  nutrients to pass through.
• Blood-red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood
  cells, platelets, plasma.
• Main function Distribute nutrients to body
  tissues, deliver waste products for elimination.

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HEART

• 4 chambers
• Cardiac muscle tissue does not repair itself when
• damaged.

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VEINS AND ARTERIES

• Veins-low pressure,
• Low O2, high CO2
• Return blood to lungs for gas
• exchange
• Arteries- high pressure
• high O2 delivers
• oxygen to body tissues
• Both vessels are elastic,
• and lined with muscle
• tissue.

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BLOODSolid Portion Cells

• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)-contain a
  hemoglobin and iron complex that binds oxygen.
  They transport oxygen through the body.

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• White blood cells- many types, role is to fight
  infection
• T-cells- first responder cell, alerts immune
  system of infection, target of AIDS virus.(HIV)
• Mature in the thymus
• B-cells-make antibodies to fight infection,
• stimulated into action by vaccinations.
• Mature in the bone marrow
• Members of 2 systems Immune and Circulatory

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• Platelets- fragments of large megakaryocytes, aid
  in clotting

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BLOODLiquid portion Plasma

• Contains antibodies, proteins and water
• Straw colored liquid

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• All blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

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RESIPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
  diaphragm
• Function provide way of gas exchange (passive
  transport)
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
• Diaphragm

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Provides structure for body
• and protection for
• vital organs.
• Stores minerals such as
• Ca2 and Mg2
• Manufactures blood cells
• Joints allow for flexibility

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM3 Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal Muscle -allows for movement of body
• Voluntary muscle
• Fibers are
• elastic
• Will repair
• themselves
• when damaged.
• Attached to bone by
• tendons and
• ligaments.

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• Cardiac muscle- present in heart tissue
• Involuntary muscle
• Has intercalated discs
• which allow for electrical
• conduction.
• Does not repair itself
• when damaged

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• Smooth muscle -lines all tubes and most internal
  organs
• Involuntary muscle
• Thin layers allow for stretching
• of internal organs, and
• permit peristalsis.

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Mouth, teeth, esophagus,
• stomach, small intestine,
• large intestine,
• rectum, anus.
• Function to break
• down and absorb
• nutrients for use
• by the body.

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• Breakdown of food begins in the mouth.
• Food passes then through the esophagus and into
  the stomach.
• The food is mixed with digestive enzymes in the
  stomach and released a little at a time into the
  small intestine.

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• Small Intestine -lined with intestinal villi to
  increase intestinal surface area, thus increasing
  nutrient absorption.
• Function absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
  through capillaries in villi.

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• Large Intestine- absorbs remaining water from
  fecal matter before elimination through rectum
  and anus.

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• Accessory digestive organs include
• Liver-secretes bile to break down fats, filters
  toxins from digested food and drink
• Gallbladder- stores bile secreted by liver
• Pancreas-secretes insulin to metabolize glucose
  (failure to secrete insulin results in diabetes)

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IMMUNE SYSTEM

• Lymph nodes, lymph, white blood cells, spleen,
  antibodies
• Function to recognize foreign tissue and
  antigens and destroy them.

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• Lymph nodes and lymph-
• nodes are at all body
• intersections.
• They trap invaders
• and put them in
• contact with
• antibodies. Lymph is
• a clear liquid that
• carries antibodies
• through lymphatic
• circulation.
• Tonsils and adenoids are
• modified lymph nodes.

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• White blood cells- specialized blood cells that
  recognize and destroy certain antigens.

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• Spleen- puts antibodies in contact with antigen
  as blood flows through. Also recycles red blood
  cells.

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• Antibodies-proteins made by B-cells. Production
  is promoted by vaccinations and exposure to
  viruses.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

• Composed of glands and organs.
• Function to send chemical signals (hormones)
  through the bloodstream to target organs.
• Example
• adrenaline
• from adrenal
• glands

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• Endocrine glands include
• Pituitary-regulates growth
• Pancreas-regulates insulin
• Adrenal-secretes
• adrenalin-fight or flight
• hormone
• Thyroid-regulates
• metabolism
• Testes- testosterone (male)
• Ovaries- estrogen (female)

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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Function rid the body of liquid waste
• Organs Kidneys, ureters, bladder,
• urethra
• The kidneys work to filter
• liquid waste from blood.
• This waste is urine, and
• it is stored in the bladder
• until evacuation.

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• The blood to be filtered is supplied by the
  largest vessels. The smallest vessels, the
  capillaries in the kidneys, is where filtration
  takes place as a result of passive transport.

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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Function to control body functions such as
  movement, problem solving, response to stimuli.
• Organs Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
• Nerve cells
• Send electrical
• signals

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• Certain body functions are controlled by certain
  areas of the brain and spinal cord. Some of these
  functions are involuntary and some are voluntary.

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• The brain is divided into hemispheres and lobes.
  The lobes correspond with function.
• Brain cells do not regenerate.

Emotion Memory Thought
Vision Movement Hearing
Left Hemisphere Right hemisphere
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SPINAL CORD

• The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral
  column.
• Damage to the spinal
• cord results in loss
• of function. Spinal
• Nerves do not regenerate.

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Function reproduction of individuals of a
  species
• Female organs
• Uterus, ovaries,
• vagina
• Male organs
• Penis, testes

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• Fertilization of haploid ovum (female) by haploid
  sperm (male) results in diploid zygote. The
  zygote continues to develop with specific tissue
  differentiation until the fetus is full term and
  ready to be born.

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• Mammary glands in the female are actually
  modified sweat glands. They are used to produce
  nourishment for the baby upon its birth. This
  milk also has protective antibodies that the baby
  needs to protect it from infection due to its
  immature immune system.

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Teacher Notes

• Since TAKS often concentrates on how the systems
  relate to each other, Venn diagrams and other
  graphic organizers lend themselves well as
  activities. Some organs are members of more than
  one system, and all are interconnected.
• Begin by having students find commonalities
  between pairs of systems, and then expand to
  finding how they depend on each other.
• Have the students bring their graphic organizers
  to their science teachers for extra credit!

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IDEAS for Graphic Organizers

• Venn Diagrams
• Organization by common function
• Which systems work to eliminate waste?
• Which systems are dependent on chemical
  messages? (Hormones)
• Which systems affect movement?
• If one system was removed, what would be the
  result? Etc, etc.