Bellringer

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Bellringer

• In what ways does the Indian Ocean reflect the
  changing balance of power during the Early Modern
  period?

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Evolutionof theEarly Modern Europe
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• The Fragmentation of Western Christendom
• The Protestant Reformation

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Corruption of the Medieval Catholic Church

• Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to
  obey the Church.
• Many priests were illiterate or broke vows of
  chastity.
• Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure.
• Some clergy
• Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains
  and objects.
• Sold church offices to the highest bidder.
• Sold indulgences.

5
Why did Luther question Church practices and
teachings?

• Troubled by the idea that salvation was
  attainable through good works.
• Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to
  salvation was by faith alone.
• Believed forgiveness for sins could come only
  from Gods mercy.
• Angered by sale of indulgences.

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How did his criticisms expand into an effort to
form a new church?

• Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Church abuses.
• Published books and pamphlets questioning Church
  teachings.
• Ideas for reform led to a new church
• Congregations choose their own ministers
• Worship of saints and holy days was considered
  sinful
• Mass conducted in German instead of Latin
• Clergy allowed to marry.

7
Why did his reforms create widespread revolt in
Germany?

• Peasants, believing everyone was equal under God,
  revolted against lords.
• Princes, who wanted freedom from the pope, seized
  Church land.

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Doctrines of Lutheranism

• The Bible is the final authority for faith
• The Bible is translated into the languages of the
  people
• whatever is not expressly forbidden in scripture
  can be accepted
• There should be only two sacraments (sanctifies
  by grace)
• baptism
• communion

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The Reformation Spreads Throughout Europe

• Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany?
• Political leaders looked for ways to escape power
  of Catholic Church.
• People were tired of Church abuses and
  corruption.
• Charismatic individuals questioned Church
  teachings and provided leadership.
• Rising literacy rate allowed for rapid spread of
  new ideas.

10
How did the Catholic Church respond to the
Reformation?

• Reformed the Church from Within
• Had Church abuses catalogued.
• Called meeting at Trent to deal with growth of
  Protestantism.
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses.
• Sale of indulgences prohibited.
• Seminaries established to train parish priests.
• Monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral
  clergy.

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• Tried to Stop the Spread of Protestantism
• Jesuits (1540)
• Disciplined and well-educated order of Catholic
  priests.
• Won Poland and southern Germany back into the
  Catholic faith.
• Spread the Christian message across Africa, Asia,
  and the Americas.
• Inquisition (1542)
• Church court designed to judge and convict
  heretics.
• Imprisoned exiled or executed those with
  unorthodox views
• Index of Banned Books (1559)
• List of banned books which Catholics were
  forbidden to read.
• List included Protestant Bibles and some
  scientific writing.

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The Fragmentation of Western Christendom

• Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars
• 110,000 trials for witchcraft
• Religious conflict in France and Spain
• The Thirty Years War

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Economics?

• What is economics?
• What are some basic principles of economics?

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Postclassical Economy
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Characteristics of Postclassical Economy

• Manorialism
• Subsistence farming serfs
• Lords live off of taxes
• Old Money based on landownership and tradition
• Small guilds develop to encourage artisanry

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Early Modern Economy
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Characteristics of Early Modern Economy

• Mercantilism
• Economic health of a nation could be measured by
  the amount of gold or silver it possessed
• Favorable balance of trade
• Each nation must try to achieve economic
  self-sufficiency
• A large population was needed to provide a
  domestic labor force to people the colonies.
• Luxury items should be avoided
• They took money out of the economy unnecessarily.
• State action was needed to regulate and enforce
  all of these economic policies.
• State-sponsored trade monopolies.

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Characteristics of Mercantilism
Manufactured goods
MotherCountry Capital
Colony
Cheap labor
Raw materials
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Characteristics of Early Modern Economy

• Proto-Industrialization / Putting-Out System
• Building of manufacturing income in rural areas
• Source of supplemental income (cottage
  industries)
• Sign of modern industrial society

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Characteristics of Early Modern Economy
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The Putting-Out System
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Advantages of Putting-Out System

• Peasants could supplement their agricultural
  incomes.
• Take advantage of winter months when farming was
  impossible.
• Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often
  demanding regulations of urban labor.
• Easier to reduce the number of workers when the
  economy was bad.
• Merchants could acquire capital, which would
  later play a part in funding industrialization
  itself.
• Young people could start separate households
  earlier, thus contributing to population growth.

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Disadvantage of Putting-Out System

• When demand rose which it did in the 18c
  this system proved inefficient.
• Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce
  peasant-workers to increase their output.

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Early Modern Government
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Rise of the Nation State
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Rise of the Nation State

• Loyalty to nation rather than to ruler
• Ruler governed through natural contract with
  people
• Government worked for the interests of the people

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Flow Chart

• In order to show the connection between events
  in Early Modern Europe ways that Europe was
  transformed socially, politically, economically
• Groups of 4
• One person specialize in
• Renaissance
• Reformation Commercial Revolution
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Look for the social, political, economic causes
  and effects of your specialized topic
• As a group, discuss the causes effects. Then,
  create a flow chart of visuals to show
  connections transformation