The Science of Animals

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The Science of Animals

• Chase High School

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Careers in Animal Science
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Job Requirements

• Most entry-level jobs require a high school
  diploma.
• About 20 of careers in agriscience (including
  animal science) requires college degrees.

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Job Requirements

• Some positions, such as a veterinarian, require a
  4-year college degree plus an advanced degree and
  special training in addition to the college
  degree.

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Veterinarians

• Perform highly technical tasks such as embryo
  transfers.
• Veterinarians treat and control diseases as well
  as treat injuries.

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Starting Place

• The high school agriculture class is a good place
  to begin career prep.

Instruction
FFA
SAE
Agriscience Applications
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Employment

• The largest number of new employment positions in
  agriscience is expected to be scientists and
  engineers.
• What types of careers in animal science deal with
  scientists?

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Small Animal Industry

• The industry is expanding greatly!
• What all are small animals used for?
• Pets
• Animal research
• Food
• Fur

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Small Animal Industry

• Technicians and growers are needed for
• Kennels
• Pet stores
• Animal hospitals
• Often requires college training

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Equine Industry

• Expanding as the interest in horses for pleasure
  and show increases.
• Farriers are needed to shoe and care for horses
  feet.

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Pork(Swine) Production
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Terminology

• Sow term for a mature adult female in pork
  production
• Gilt term for an immature female in the swine
  industry.

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Terminology

• Barrow term for castrated male in pork
  production.
• Boar non castrated male pig.

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Digestive System of Swine

• Swine are monogastric, which means they have one
  stomach compartment.
• Basically have the same digestive system as a
  human.

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Pork Production

• The swine industry has changed greatly from the
  lard type hogs to lean type hog in demand today.

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Types of Swine Operation

• Feeder-pig producers
• Market-hog producers

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Purebred producers

• Produce high-quality boars to
• Improve the genetic makeup of one breed of swine.
• Purebred boars bred to crossbred sows increase
  hybrid vigor

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Popular Breeds
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Yorkshire

• They exhibit a long, big frame and are white with
  erect ears.

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Chester White

• Solid white, these pigs have medium sized, droopy
  ears.

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Berkshire and Landrace

• Berkshire Black with six white points (nose,
  tail, and legs)
• Landrace They have very large, floppy ears, are
  long-bodied

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Cattle Production
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Cattle Terminology

• Calf baby cow
• Heifer immature female cow
• Steer castrated male cow
• Bull non-castrated male cow
• Cow mature female cattle

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Digestive System

• Cows and sheep are ruminants, which means they
  have four stomach compartments.
• Ruminants can tolerate more roughage in the diet.
  

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Predominant English breeds in u.s.
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Angus

• A black breed of cattle known for excellent meat
  quality.

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Hereford

• Red with a white face

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Shorthorn

• Have been used in the bloodlines of more than 30
  recognized breeds of beef cattle

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Exotic breeds

• Imported into the U.S. when consumers began
  demanding leaner meat.
• They have calves that grow faster than English
  breeds.

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Charolais and Limousin
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Simmental
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American breeds

• Developed to withstand the heat and resistance to
  disease and parasites in the South and Southwest.
• American breeds resulted from crossing Brahman
  cattle from India with English breeds.

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American Breeds

• The result was increased heat tolerance and
  disease and parasite resistance of Brahman and
  the meat quality of the English breeds.

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Dairy cattle
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Holstein

• 90 of dairy cattle in the U.S. are Holstein.
• Known for their black and white markings.

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Other Breeds

• Guernsey
• Jersey
• Ayrshire

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Poultry Production
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Poultry Terminology

• Rooster male chicken
• Hen female chicken
• Chick baby chicken

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Digestive System

• Poultry have no true stomachs and can only store
  small amounts of food in its digestive system.

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Digestive System

• Chickens have no teeth. Food is swallowed whole,
  stored in the crop, and passed on to the gizzard
  where it is crushed and ground up.
• Rations must be high in food value.

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Poultry

• Chicken are classified as layers or broilers.

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Layers

• Chickens developed to produce huge numbers of
  eggs.
• White Leghorn chickens are popular layers.

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Broilers

• Broilers are young chickens grown for their meat.
• Example Cornish

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Bantam

• Miniature versions of standards breeds.
• Used primarily for show

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Turkeys

• 90 of turkeys grown commercially are
  Broad-Breasted White.

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Animal Science Tools
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Tools

• Candling Light used to view the interior of
  eggs to detect blood spots.
• Artificial Vagina to collect semen from male
  animals.

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Tools

• Insemination straw for the disposition of semen
  into the female.
• Rectal thermometer used to take the temperature
  of animals.

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Tools

• Syringe used to give injections or draw body
  fluids.
• V notcher used to notch the ears of swine for
  identification

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Nutrients
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Water and Protein

• Water regulates body temp., dissolves and
  transports nutrients.
• Protein builds muscle

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Carbohydrates

• Provides energy for animals
• Makes up about 75 of most animal rations.
• Corn and other cereal grains are the major source
  of carbohydrates.

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Minerals

• Calcium is one of the major minerals and is found
  in ground limestone.
• Calcium in needed in poultry feed for eggshell
  development.
• Minerals are supplied by mineral supplements and
  are a primary aid in the development of bones and
  teeth.

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Vitamins and Fats

• Vitamins are needed by animals in minute
  quantities to help all body functions. Vitamins
  also help prevent many livestock disease.
• Only small amounts of fat are required.

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Classes of Feeds
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Concentrates

• Low in fiber and high in total digestible
  nutrients (TDN).
• Cereal grains are the major source of most
  concentrates.
• Other sources include byproducts of grain and
  animals.

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Roughages

• High in fiber and low in TDN
• Dry roughage is hay
• Green roughage includes the pasture grasses.
• Silage is a roughage that results from storage
  and fermentation of green crops.