The Ancient Egyptians

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The Ancient Egyptians
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Objectives 2.2 / 4.1 Rise and Fall of Ancient
Egypt

• Summarize the effects of geography on the
  development of Egyptian culture
• Explain how Egypt united into a kingdom
• Describe ancient Egyptian religion, social
  structure, technological advances, and science
• Explain why Egypt declined and was conquered by
  the Hykos
• Identify key developments during the New Kingdom
  that led Egypt to become an empire

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Ancient Egyptian History
Periods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E.
Unification / Dynasties Begin 3100 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 1070 B. C. E.



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A View of Egypt by Satellite
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The Fertile Nile Valley

• Nile River4,100 miles long and flows northward
  into the Mediterranean
• Lower Egypt? contains the Nile delta
  regionbroad, marshy area of land formed by
  deposits of silt (fertile black mud)

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The Annual Flooding of the Nile

• Environmental benefits
• Nile flooding is predictable
• Provides system of transportation (sails needed
  for southbound boats)
• Surrounded by vast areas of desertacted as
  natural barriers
• Environmental challenges
• Forced Egyptians to live on small portion of land
• Limited cultural diffusion
• Drought could cause starving / too much rain
  could destroy homes and farms

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Unification of Egypt

• Narmerrecent evidence suggests he was the first
  king to rule a unified Egyptconquered Lower
  Egypt circa 3000 B.C.
• In ancient tradition, Menes (the Scorpion King)
  was believed to be the first to rule an unified
  Egypt
• 2920 B.C.Egyptian date for foundation of the
  first dynasty

Palette of Narmer, 3000 B.C.tells the tale of
Narmers conquest of Lower Egypt (used to prepare
cosmetics) .
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Pharaohsgod-kings

• Ancient Egypt? theocracy government in which
  rule is based on religious authority
• Pharaohs controlled religion, the army, and the
  government
• Well-being of the kingdom depended on the pharaoh

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• Building the Pyramids
• Centuries of Innovation

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Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara
Djosers royal tomb became a model for later
pharaohsarchitect ( high priest) Imhotep
designed the worlds first pyramid started a
revolution in tomb design using cut granite
Stepped pyramid for pharaoh Djoser (2,650 B.C.)
Djoser is the first pharaoh to be worshipped as a
god
Link to video segment on Djoser
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Imhotep Famous Architect of Djosers Pyramid

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vnRK6DTpX5Tsfeature
  player_embedded

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Red Pyramid Important Step Forward in Design

• Built by pharaoh Snafu (circa 2,575 B.C.)
• Movement towards true pyramid shapesloped smooth
  sides (this is the pharaohs 3rd pyramid he built
  trying to achieve perfection)

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Glimmering in the SunWhite Limestone Covered
Inner Core of the Pyramids
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Great Pyramid at Giza

• Great Pyramid at Giza (center below)2,550
  B.C. built for the pharaoh Khufu (one of the 7
  Wonders of the Ancient Worldonly one still
  standing)
• 4 points are aligned with the 4 cardinal
  directions 481 feet high

http//voicethread.com/share/681532/

• Ka the eternal life force
• Pharaohs ka remains alive after deathmust have
  its needs and pleasures met
• Old Kingdom pharaohs had pyramids built as their
  resting place after death

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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops in
Greek)
http//www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/3499/gp1.ht
m (facts about the Great Pyramid)
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Pyramid Sphinx of Khafre(son of Khufu)

• Khafre, Khufu's son, built beside his father's
  pyramid. His is the smaller pyramid, but as it is
  built on higher ground, and has a slightly
  steeper angle, it appears the larger.
• Most complete of the Giza three--retains some of
  its upper casing stones.
• The Great Sphinx crouches beside Khafre's Valley
  Temple---consists of the king's head, 22 times
  life-sized, perched on a massive lion's body.

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Pyramid Sphinx of Khafre
http//voicethread.com/share/681724/
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Great Pyramidmade of granite and
limestone taken from quarries Each block
weighed at least 2.5 tons and there are 2
millions blocks usedfitted together with exact
precision Pyramids reflected the power of
ancient Egypt Economic strength and
technological advancement needed to support these
massive public works projects
Pyramids at Gizabuilt over an 80 year period
The orientation of the pyramids runs east to
westconnects the pharaoh to the rising and
setting sun
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• Egyptian Religion
• Foundation of their culture

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Egyptian Gods GoddessesThe Sacred Trinity
Osiris Isis
Horus
Underworld
Magic
Pharaoh
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Preparations for the Underworld
ANUBIS weighs the dead persons heart against a
feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
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Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen
6. Natron2. Sawdust
7. Onion3. Lichen
8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax
9. Linen Pads5. Resin
10. Frankinsense
http//voicethread.com/e684373
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Preparation for the Afterlife
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Egyptian Mummies
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.
E.
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Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the Solar Bark.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead
pharaoh in his tomb.
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Egyptian Book of the Dead

• Ancient Egyptian collection of funerary texts
  made up of spells and charms
• Placed in tombs to aid the deceased in the next
  world.
• Scribes produced and sold copies, often
  colorfully illustrated, for burial use.
• Believed to have 200 chapters but none of the
  surviving copies are complete

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Egyptian Book of the Dead
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The Final Judgment
Anubis
Horus Osiris
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The Pharaohs Servants in the Afterlife
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The Ankh The Cross of Life
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• Ancient Egyptian Society

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Papyrus ? Paper
Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant
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Hieroglyphics Alphabet
24 letters 700 phonetic symbols
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The Rosetta Stone
Champolliondecoded hieroglyphics
http//voicethread.com/share/681515/
Discovery of this stone by French soldiers in
1799 led to the deciphering of hieroglyphics
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Egyptian Social Hierarchy
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Egyptian Nobility
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Egyptian Priestly Class
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Egyptian Scribe
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Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes
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Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life
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Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
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An Egyptian Womans Must-Haves
Mirror
Perfume
Whigs
http//voicethread.com/share/681276
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Egyptian Medicine

• Became masters of human anatomy and healing
  mostly due to the extensive mummification
  ceremonies---involved removing most of the
  internal organs including the brain, lungs,
  pancreas, liver, spleen, heart and intestine (put
  in Canopic jars to dry out and then the organs
  were put back in the body)
• The Egyptians had (and this is an understatement)
  a basic knowledge of organ functions
• Knowledge of anatomy branched into many other
  medical practices, such as treating fevers and
  wounds, healing broken bones, surgical procedures

http//voicethread.com/share/685051/
http//voicethread.com/share/685051/
http//voicethread.com/share/684373
http//voicethread.com/share/684373
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Egyptian Math Draftsmanship

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
What number is this?
System of numbersused especially for the
collecting of taxes
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Egyptian Technology

• Calendar system---solar year (365 days)very
  accurate prediction of the Nile floodingbased on
  astronomy
• Irrigation and canals
• Geometryused to build pyramids and
  monumentsadvanced engineering/problem solving
  skills
• First use of cut stone and columns

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• STOP STOP
• REVIEW SECTION 2.2
• Before Continuing

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• The New Kingdom 1570-1025 B.C.
• (4.1)

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Invaders Rule Egypt

• The Hykosinvaders from Palestine conquered Egypt
  using their advanced weaponry, especially
  chariots
• Egypt had been weakened by internal warfare and
  poor rulers
• Hebrewsmove into the region around 1650 B.C.
  settling in Egypt with the Hykos

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Rise of the New Kingdom

• Strong, warlike pharaohs came to power in Egypt
  and eventually expelled the Hykos around 1570
  B.C.
• Bronze weapons and chariots made Egypt a great
  powerstrong armybecame conquerors establishing
  an empire
• According to t he Old Testament, the Hebrews
  remained in Egypt and were enslaved

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HatshepsutMake Trade, Not War

• Woman who declared herself pharaoh while ruling
  for her young stepson
• Encouraged tradesent ships down the Red Sea to
  trade with East Africa
• Her tomb walls reveal the glories of her reign (a
  recently discovered mummy is believed to be her)
• Stepson Thutmose III tried to erase her memory
  from historymay have murdered her

http//voicethread.com/share/681814/
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The Valley of the Queens
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1473-1458 B. C. E.
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Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs of the New Kingdom
Tutankhamen1336-1327 B. C. E.
Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.
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Thutmose IIIEmpire Builder

• Warlike ruler
• Conquered the areas of Palestine and Syria
• Contact with other cultures brought wealth and
  new ideas (cultural diffusion)
• Egypt reaches the height of its power and
  influence

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The Valley of the Kings

• New Kingdom pharaohs were grand
  builderselaborate temples and great palaces
  (pharaoh means great house)
• Grand tombs were built under desert cliffs in
  the remote Valley of the Kingsgood location for
  security and peace in afterlife

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Akhenaton First Monotheist?
Shows ideal home life of the pharaoh with the
sun disk shining on them
1352-1336 B. C. E.

• He and his wife Nefertiti started a practice of
  monotheism worshipped the sun disc god over all
  others, and seem to have outlawed their subjects'
  polytheistic devotion threatened Egypt's
  priesthood and ensured they would have no
  shortage of powerful enemies.

http//voicethread.com/share/680976
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QueenNefertiti
http//dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/nef
ertiti.html
Royal wife of Akhenatonsome scholars argue she
was responsible for instituting the monotheistic
religion and may have had a hand in the boy king
Tutankhamens death
Controversial long-necked Queen of legendary
beauty---this famous bust represents the changes
in art that Akhenaton instituted during his
reignmuch more realistic, not rigid, real
portrait (if you are ever in Berlin you must go
see this bust)
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Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

• Discovered the tomb of Tutankhamen (Akhenatons
  son)
• Tomb was undisturbed and contained all of its
  riches

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King Tutankhamen's Death Mask
Tutankhamun married Ankhesenpaaten, his half
sister, the third daughter of Akhenaten and
Nefertiti---he died at age 18/19
http//voicethread.com/share/681389/
1336-1327 B. C. E.
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King Tutankhamuns Tomb
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Ramses IIGreat Builder

• Preserved his memory through monumental building
• Constructed a temple to Amon-Re at Karnak
  complete with enormous statues of himself
• Built a major temple carved into the red
  limestone at Abu Simbel

Temple of KarnakRamses II additions
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Abu SimbelMonument to Ramses II
1279-1213 B. C. E.
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Who Are These Strange People?
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Routes of the Sea Peoples

• Mystery as to who the Sea Peoples were, but
  they caused great destruction
• Egypt never fully recovered from these invasions
  after 1150 B.C.
• Egypt culture continued to greatly influenced the
  powers that came to dominate the region, such as
  Libya and Nubia (south of Egypt where the Nile
  divides)

The end of the Bronze Age!