Renewable Energy Resources in New Zealand

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Renewable Energy Resources in New Zealand
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The Teacher Fellowship Scheme

• The New Zealand Sciences, Mathematics and
  Technology Teacher Fellowship Scheme is
  administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand
  for the Ministry of Research Science and
  Technology. The Scheme is open to fully qualified
  and registered practicing primary, intermediate
  and secondary teachers whose work can be related
  to science, mathematics, social sciences and
  technology.

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The Scheme aims to encourage teachers to

• enhance their understanding of and positive
  attitudes towards science, mathematics,  social
  sciences and technology.
• develop both personally and professionally
• enhance their awareness and understanding of the
  applications of science, mathematics, social
  sciences and technology in enterprise to produce
  valuable products and services
• enhance their awareness and understanding of
  careers involving science, mathematics,  social
  sciences and technology
• promote career options in these areas to their
  students
• share their enhanced knowledge and positive
  attitudes to science, mathematics, social
  sciences and technology with colleagues, students
  and others in the general community

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Overview

• About 30 of New Zealands Primary Energy is from
  Renewable Resources.
• Electricity Generation from Hydro accounts for
  over 70 of Renewable Energy use.
• For the foreseeable future, Electrical generation
  is the most significant area for growth in
  Renewable Energy

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Renewable Consumer Energy Use in NZ
Source Renewable Energy Industry Status
Report-3rd Edition, EECA
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Types of Renewable Energy and their uses.
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Hydro
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Potential Growth of Hydro

• Over 60 of the 755MW high probability potential
  growth in Hydro generation is in the South Island
  most of which is in Canterbury
• The industry is well developed and new
  technologies are opening up previously uneconomic
  resources.
• There is plenty of potential for small, local
  generation schemes, possibly involving
  irrigation.
• Irrigation has caused a shift in electrical
  distribution
• Consenting issues are the major hurdle.

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Existing and Potential Hydro Sites In Canterbury
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Animation created by Leanan
Wind Energy
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Current Windfarms
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Wind Issues

• What happens when the wind doesnt blow?
• Noise
• Aesthetics
• Geographical spread

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Geothermal
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North Island Geothermal Resources
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South Island Geothermal Resources
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Geothermal Energy Issues

• The Industry is mature and in 50 years no
  resource has been extensively depleted.
• Provides a very consistent base load at lower
  cost than most hydro schemes.
• Combined Electrical and Heat generation makes
  synergies with other industries.
• Possibility of Mineral extraction
• There is estimated to be 2000-3500MW of untapped
  resource (largely on Maori land)
• Subsidence

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Bioenergy

• Energy from Biological Sources can be separated
  into main areas
• Woody Biomass
• Municipal/ Food Processing/ Agricultural Residues
• Transport Biofuels

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Geographic Distribution of Forestry Resource
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• Currently, 75 of the woody biomass resource is
  waste wood burnt to provide energy for wood
  treatment but there is a small amount of
  electrical generation.
• Firewood amounts for 25
• Short rotation coppicing could provide fuel for
  electrical generation or pellet fires, especially
  in combination with effluent disposal on forest
  floor.
• Transport costs impact heavily on economics
• Carbon Credits?

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Energy from Municipal Waste

• Christchurch, Auckland and
• Hamilton currently generate
• 12MW of electricity from the
• methane from sewage
• digestion.
• Collection of landfill gases is now mandatory
  although new designs will be required to make
  utilisation of these gases economic. The quality
  and reliability of gas supply creates problems
• Burning Organic waste is possible but uneconomic
  at present and is likely to remain so with waste
  reduction policies

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Agricultural Effluent

• Tallow from meat work waste could provide up to
  5 of New Zealand's Diesel needs.
• Tallow is being accepted as an input to NZ
  refinery.
• Bioethanol is currently produced from whey but
  this will meet less than 0.5 of NZ transport
  needs.
• Small scale digesters could produce local energy
  but the biggest advantages are in waste
  reduction. Handling costs are significant.
• Cropping specifically for fuels is unlikely in NZ
  but research is being done into cellulose based
  biofuels?

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Biogas as a transport fuel?
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Solar Energy
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Four ways of using solar energy.
Solar Hot Water Heating Passive Solar
Heating Photovoltaic High Temperature Solar Steam
Plant
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http//www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate
/radiation/
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Wave and Tidal Energy
Wave and Tidal Energy
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Wave Energy

• This is a huge untapped source of energy
• The first commercial wave energy plant is
  currently being developed in Portugal using
  Pelamis, a UK device

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• New Zealand has one of the best wave energy
  resources in the world with averages of up to
  50kW per metre.
• It is a reasonably predictable resource
• Resource is not normally near to grid
• Getting power ashore is difficult but NZ has
  expertise in harsh marine environments.
• It is a very difficult and damaging environment
• Wave power may be an ideal source for remote
  costal settlements
• IRL are currently building a prototype wave
  generator.
• Resource consent issues have yet to be addressed.
• Australia has a shore based prototype working at
  Port Kembla.

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Tidal power

• NZs small 2-3m tidal range limits this form of
  generation however some sites, e.g. Cook Strait
  have significant tidal flows. At least one New
  Zealand company is exploring the possibility of
  placing turbines in the Strait.
• Tidal barrages or impoundment are unlikely to be
  economic or environmentally sustainable

Kaipara Harbour' by Sarah McBeath
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Kaipara Harbour Tidal Scheme
Resource consent has been lodged for a 200
turbine, 200MW scheme in the mouth of the Kaipara
Harbour.
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Storage of Energy

• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
• High Temperature Thermal Storage
• Fly Wheel
• Battery

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Resources

• EECA
• www.eeca.govt.nz/renewable-energy/index.html
• NZ Wind Energy Association (NZWEA)
• www.windenergy.org.nz
• Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association
  (AWATEA)
• www.awatea.org.nz
• Solar Industries Association (SIA)
• www.solarindustries.org.nz
• Bioenergy Association of New Zealand (BANZ)
• www.bioenergy.org.nz
• New Zealand Geothermal Association (NZGA)
• www.nzgeothermal.org.nz
• International Hydropower Association (NZ)