Unit 1A

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Unit 1A

• About water use and supply

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Homework review

• 1. With reference to the United Kingdom and the
  Mediterranean, explain what water deficit and
  water surplus mean.
• 2. What of the worlds available water is fresh
  water? And of that, what is easily accessible
  for drinking?
• 3. What is potable water? How many people are
  without it?
• 4. List 4 factors that are likely to imply that
  particular groups are likely to be without
  potable water?
• 5. Access to sanitation is important to ensure
  safe drinking water. Explain why this is so.
• 6. Over 80 of the available water in LEDCs is
  used in agricultural production. Give a named
  example of how the amount of water that is lost
  in agriculture can be reduced.
• Named example where? what is the problem?
  solution

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So its a good idea

• To fill in the class notes as we go
• Ask if you are stuck or need a bit more time
• Use the PowerPoint to do the home work (until the
  textbooks are printed)

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What are all the different uses of water you can
think of?
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Here are some of the uses of waterAgriculture
What is going on here?
And we mentioned drip irrigation last week. Where
did we see an example of that? What were they
growing? What were the advantages?
Do you know what this called?
What is going on here?
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Here is the general picture
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India is similar to other low/middle income
countries

• Why do you think India still uses so much water
  in agriculture?
• As India becomes more industrialized, industries
  needs will rise
• What industries use most of the water at the
  moment?

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Industrial use in India
And as India industrializes more More water will
be needed
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Indian Industry

• Thermal power
• that is it burns things mainly coal which it
  has quite a lot of
• engineering
• textiles
• paper
• All use a lot of water and soon more will be
  needed
• According to the World Bank, the water demand for
  industrial uses and energy production will grow
  at a rate of 4.2 per cent per year, rising from
  67 billion cubic meter in 1999 to 228 billion
  cubic meter by 2025.

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Not only industry will need more

• What are 2 issues shown here that say that India
  will need more water in future?

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So we have a neat little case study here

• Example of growing water usage in a country
• Place India
• How do they use their water at present?
• Domestic ? Industrial? Agriculture?
• Why will it rise?
• Industrial use ?
• (think which industries use most? Which will
  increase? By how much will it increase?)
• Domestic use?
• (Population what is happening to it figures.
  Potable water mention that have done well but
  still need?)

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Ways to improve things

• In rural areas, dig wells which you then line and
  cover to prevent them becoming corrupted.
• On a large scale, build dams to collect water
  that can then be distributed to irrigate
  agricultural land and take fresh water to the
  cities
• On a smaller scale, build infrastructure in the
  poorer parts of cities

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Three Gorges Dam
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Yangtze River and the Three Gorges

• The Yangtze is Chinas largest river stretching
  5,600 kms from its source in Tibet to where it
  enters the Yellow Sea near Shanghai.
• Midway through its course the river flows through
  a 190km section known as the Three Gorges.
• The river valley narrows here and there are steep
  limestone cliffs on either side.
• The river is fast flowing and hidden rocks make
  it dangerous for ships.

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The Scheme

• The dam, when completed, will be the biggest in
  the world, 2kms wide and 185 metres high.
• It will create a reservoir 600kms long behind it.
  
• It was started in 1993 and estimated to be
  completed by 2009.
• The cost will be at least 20 billion and the
  hydro-electric plant will generated 18,000
  megawatts of electricity, making it the biggest
  HEP station in the world.

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Advantages of the Scheme

• During the 20th Century there were 3 catastrophic
  floods, plus many smaller ones. Over 300,000
  people have been drowned. The dam will prevent
  flooding, thereby saving thousands of lives.
• The dam will provide 10 of Chinas present
  electricity requirements. It will be a clean
  fuel, reducing Chinas SO2 emissions and helping
  to reduce global warming gases.
• All year round navigation will be possible by
  ocean going vessels as far as Chongqing at the
  far end of the reservoir.
• Over 20,000 medium term jobs have been provided
  in the construction industry. This will create a
  positive multiplier effect to the local economy

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Disadvantages of the Scheme

• 1.2 million people will be relocated. This will
  include 13 cities, 140 towns, and 4500 villages.
  In addition 1600 industrial enterprises will have
  to be relocated.
• 23,000 hectares of fertile farmland and 7000
  hectares of forest will be drowned.
• Fertile soil will be lost to farms downstream
  from the dam. This is likely to lead to an
  increase in the use of chemical fertilisers.

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Disadvantages of the Scheme

• Sediment will build up behind the dam over time
  leading to a squeezing out of the reservoir.
• Pollution in the form of sewage and toxic metals
  from industry will collect and build up the
  reservoir.
• The reservoir will create much deeper, colder
  water thereby changing the environment including
  types and numbers of fish.
• The dam lies near an earthquake fault line.
• Although the government says they have taken this
  into account, any major earthquake could create a
  disaster on an unprecedented world scale, with a
  death toll of several million.

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What do you notice about the visibility?
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Minicase study of a dam

• Name
• Where is it? Why is there?
• Some idea of size not all the figures just
  something memorable
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

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These objections have lead to changes

• Up until the mid 1990s, the World bank funded
  many large dam projects.
• According to the Manibeli Declaration these large
  dams have had "extensive negative environmental
  impacts, destroying forests, wetlands, fisheries,
  habitat for threatened and endangered species,
  and increasing the spread of waterborne
  diseases." In addition the World Bank has
  "tolerated and thus contributed to gross
  violations of human rights by governments in the
  process of implementing Bank-funded large dams,
  including arbitrary arrests, beatings, rapes, and
  shootings of peaceful demonstrators.
• As a result of this and other criticism, they
  stopped.

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Why did the world bank stop building large dams?
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Marunda Project, Jakarta, Indonesia
Not much help! But the arrow points to the word
Marunda, which is the far NE of the city. It is
near the sea. But most of the folk there were
moved because of the building of a dock
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A Rapidly Growing City

• In 1930, the population of Jakarta was 530,000.
• Today, Indonesia's capital city is home to an
  estimated 11 million people.
• Like many urban centres in the developing world,
  Jakarta acts like a magnet for people seeking
  work and a better quality of life from other
  parts of the country.
• However, Jakarta's rapid urban growth presents an
  enormous headache for city planners as they
  struggle to provide the necessary infrastructure
  and services.
• As the city continues to swell in size, Jakarta's
  water company have only managed to provide less
  than half the population with piped water.

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This what has been happennig to the population
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A Rapidly Growing City

• Meanwhile, many other people rely on water from
  wells, and the groundwater supply that lies a few
  metres below the surface.
• This water has to be boiled for hours to kill off
  any harmful germs and bacteria.
• In the north of the city, land is actually
  sinking as Jakarta's groundwater supply is over
  used by people.
• Houses on low-lying land have to be re-built
  every few years to keep them above sea level.
• Meanwhile, saltwater from the Java Sea is seeping
  into the land polluting the remaining groundwater.

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Problems in Marunda

• The problems of water supply are particularly
  difficult for the people that live in Jakarta's
  squatter settlements.
• These poorer neighbourhoods are known as
  'kampongs', which means 'communities' in
  Indonesian.
• Marunda is a kampong of 20,000 people that was
  forced to re-locate to a site in north-east
  Jakarta in 1984.
• Residents were evicted from their original homes
  to make way for a new port.

Many kampongs in Jakarta are located on waste
ground along the city's polluted rivers and
canals, where 700,000 m3 of sewage is dumped each
day.
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Problems in Marunda

• Starting the settlement again meant that Marunda
  lacked even the most basicservices, including a
  reliable, clean water supply.
• But the Marunda's residents could not live
  without clean water. Families need water for
  laundry, for meals and for washing in the home
  and for income-generating activities such as
  their food and soft drinks businesses.
• In the past, the women living in the kampong had
  to queue from 3 a.m. to collect water from water
  tankers, or they had to pay for the delivery from
  private street vendors.

Marunda residents used to rely on these handcarts
to carry water. Collecting water took a lot of
valuable time and money.
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Problems in Marunda

• Street vendors gathered water from standpipes and
  then carried the water in 20 litre containers
  placed on long handcarts that can navigate the
  narrow alleyways in the kampong.
• This service could cost more than 30 times the
  price of piped water.
• For the poorest families, these costs could be
  devastating.
• Without running water, Marunda residents also
  faced serious health risks as sewage and other
  domestic waste was not flushed away.
• Across Jakarta, diarrhoea caused by drinking
  polluted water is responsible for 20 of the
  deaths of children under five

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Water and Health

• Water-related diseases are the single largest
  cause of human sickness and death. There are four
  main types that affect the poorest people-
• Faeco-oral infections that are spread by poor
  hygiene and dirty water. These include diarrhoea,
  cholera, typhoid and dysentery. With a clean
  water supply, the risk of catching one of these
  diseases is significantly reduced.
• Poor hygiene can spread skin and eye infections
  including trachoma, an important cause of
  blindness.
• People can catch various worm infections,
  particularly bilharzias, by wading in water
  contaminated with excreta and the snails that
  carry the parasitic larva. These larva burrow
  into the soles of people's feet.
• Diseases spread by insects that breed in standing
  water, such as mosquitoes. Malaria is a disease
  carried by mosquitoes that kills one million
  people a year worldwide.

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Investment from Abroad

• As part of the 'kampong improvement programme',
  the Jakarta city authorities have been trying to
  provide the city's kampongs with the services
  that local people have found difficult to
  establish on their own.
• By 1996, more than 5 million people in the
  Jakarta region had improved basic services as a
  result of the programme.
• The lack of funds available to keep up with the
  demand for water has meant that the city
  authorities have had to contract out projects to
  private companies.

Laying the water pipes in Marunda was a joint
partnership between Thames Water and local
people.
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Investment from Abroad

• In April 1999, Thames Water Pam Jaya owned by
  Thames Water in the UK, began a 60,000 project
  to bring piped water to the people of Marunda.
• From the outset, Thames Water Pam Jaya has
  understood the need to involve local people in
  the construction and maintenance of the project.
• This way, the project could be better suited to
  the needs of Marunda and could gain the trust and
  support of its residents.
• As a result, 2,000 local people have been working
  on the project alongside 10 staff from Thames
  Water UK.

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A Pipe Dream Come True?

• By July 2000, the project was finished and 1,600
  houses in Marunda were connected to Jakarta's
  main water supply.
• This enabled 12,000 residents to have water piped
  directly into their homes.
• In addition, the cost of the piped water is
  subsidized.
• Residents can now receive water at a third of the
  price that they used to pay to private street
  vendors.
• Savings on water enables families to spend more
  money on other basic needs such as clothes and
  food.
• Improved sanitation through piped water has also
  brought immediate health benefits to the people
  of Marunda as it reduces the risk of catching
  diseases from contaminated water.
• In view of the extent of Jakarta's lingering
  problems with water supply, the success of the
  Marunda project may seem small.

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A Pipe Dream Come True?

• Nevertheless, the project shows the positive
  contribution that private companies like Thames
  Water, working in partnership with city
  authorities and local communities, can make in
  improving the lives of the urban poor.
• This is what people said
• "Street vendors with their carts no longer sell
  their water to us. They now work in a factory and
  their carts are kept as a souvenir for their old
  age and will become a story to be told to their
  grandchildren." Marunda resident, May 2000."The
  water, clear and cool like crystal, is now
  flowing from every tap. Now what we hoped for has
  been fulfilled washing, drinking, everything
  clean..." Marunda resident, May 2000.

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Minicase study of a managing clean water

• Project name
• Where? city, country
• Problem In general
• For Marunda
• Solution
• Result