Solar Energy Technology Science Summer Camp

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Solar Energy TechnologyScience Summer Camp

• Session 1 Monday 900 - 1130 AM
• Introduction to Solar Energy

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Introduction

• Description of Facilities
• Location of restrooms etc.
• Go Over Course
• Handout Notes

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SummerITeens 2010Solar Energy Technology Schedule
System Components Configurations ??
Field Trip Designing Installing a PV System
?? 
Intro to Solar Energy GV
Basic Electricity ??
Site Selection Factors 1 GV
Grid Planning Exercise GV
Site Selection Factors 2 GV
Site Selection Exercise ??
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General Safety Rules

• Safety first
• Always follow safety rules

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Session 1 TopicsIntroduction to Solar Energy

• Look at the three "legs" of Energy use
  Production, Efficiency Conservations
• Energy production, availability and use
• Types of solar technologies
• History of PV technology and industry trends
• Impact of improving Technology versus
  Conservations
• Potential for solar in New York, US and the World
• Needs (markets) and applications for PV
  (grid-tied, remote homes, telecom, etc.)
• Types of PV systems (direct motor, standalone
  with storage, grid-backup, etc.)
• Activities

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6
Initial Activities

• Use flashlights with the following to see how PV
  solar can produce electrical energy
• Solar Cars
• Solar Fan
• Radiometers
• 920 AM

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Activity GuessProduction/Use

• Have students guess how much energy in percent is
  produce by the different sources
• Guess how percentages breakout with renewable
• Guess with circles for various source of energy
• Guess ratios of energy units for three types of
  countries.
• Set up a sheet with guess column then actual
  write in.

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Activity 1-1 GuessProduction/Use

• Make a guess how much primary energy in percent
  is produce by the different sources
• Primary Includes transportation, heating and
  electrical generation
• Fossil Fuel (Oil, Gas, Coal) _____
  _____
• Hydro and Nuclear _____
  _____
• Renewables (Wind, Solar, Geothermal) _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 87.5
XXX 12.1
XXX 0.4
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World Primary Energy ProductionIncludes
transportation, heating and electrical generation
http//europe.theoildrum.com/node/6602more29
0.4
wind, solar, geothermal 0.4
7.0
5.1
36.5
Nuclear and hydro 12.1
19.0
Oil, natural gas and coal account for 87.5
32.0
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Activity 1-1 GuessProduction/Use

• Make a guess how much primary energy in percent
  is produce by the different sources
• Primary Includes transportation, heating and
  electrical generation
• Fossil Fuel (Oil, Gas, Coal) _____
  _____
• Hydro and Nuclear _____
  _____
• Renewables (Wind, Solar, Geothermal) _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 87.5
XXX 12.1
XXX 0.4
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Activity 1-2 Guess Breakdown of
Renewables

• Make a guess as to the each renewable as a part
  of the total global production of renewable
  energy
• Geothermal _____
  _____
• Solar
  _____ _____
• Wind
  _____ _____

Guess Actual
XXX 18
XXX 4
XXX 78
12
World Renewable Energy Production
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Activity 1-2 Guess Breakdown of Renewables

• Make a guess as to the each renewable as a part
  of the total global production of renewable
  energy
• Geothermal _____
  _____
• Solar
  _____ _____
• Wind
  _____ _____

Guess Actual
XXX 18
XXX 4
XXX 78
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Renewables - Total Energy Potential Per Year
Non Renewables - Total Energy Reserves
Hydro?
Wind?
Waves?
Geo - Ocean Thermal ?
Biomass?
Current World Energy Use Per Year
Solar?
Activity 1-3 GuessProduction Potential
Coal?
Gas?
Which energy source is represent- ed by the
big blue circle ?
Oil?
Uranium?
15
Thermal
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Activity 1-4 Guess Relative Energy Use by
Countries

• Make a guess as to the relative amount in kW
  hours per person the following countries use. The
  average for the world is 1.9 kW per person per
  day
• US/Canada _____
  _____
• Europe/Japan _____
  _____
• China/India _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 12 kWh
XXX 6 kWh
XXX lt1 kWh
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Activity 1-4 Guess Relative Energy Use by
Countries

• Make a guess as to the relative amount in kW
  hours per person the following countries use. The
  average for the world is 1.9 kW per person per
  day.
• US/Canada _____
  _____
• Europe/Japan _____
  _____
• China/India _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 12 kWh
XXX 6 kWh
XXX lt1 kWh
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Energy UseLink
Avg Use per Person US/Canada 12 kW Europe/Japan
6 kW Developing Counties lt1 kW
In Kg of oil equivalent per year
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Activity 1-5 Guess Wasted and Lost Energy

• Make a guess as to the relative amount in
• How much energy is wasted (not needed - lights on
  no one in the room)
• How much energy is lost in the production process
  
• Energy Wasted _____
  _____
• Energy Lost _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 55
XXX 45(20-71)
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Capturing Lost Wasted Energy

• Between 20 - 71 (avg 45) of the energy is lost
  in production

• About 55 of the energy used in homes and offices
  is not needed

Improved Prod
Improved Tech
Turn off lights
Reduce Consumption and Improve Production
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Activity 1-5 Guess Wasted and Lost Energy

• Make a guess as to the relative amount in
• How much energy is wasted (not needed - lights on
  no one in the room)
• How much energy is lost in the production process
  
• Energy Wasted _____
  _____
• Energy Lost _____
  _____

Guess Actual
XXX 55
XXX 45(20-71)
930 AM
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Act. 1-6 Comparing Energy Savings Conservations
vs. Improved Technology

• Technology savings (Improved Technology)
• 100 watt Incandescent 25 w CFL, 10 watt LED
• Cost to run a 100 Watt Bulb for 1 year
• 100 W x 365 x 24 100 W x 8760 hr
• .1 kW x
  8760 hr 876.0 kWh in 1 year
• at 15 /kWh 131.40 per year
• One hundred 100W bulbs 87,600 kWh or 13,140
  per year
• CFLs at use of 25 21,900 kWh 3285 (savings of
  9855)
• LEDs at use of .1 8,750 kWh 1314 (savings
  of 11,826)
• Conservation savings (if only needed 6 hrs per
  day)
• 6/24 .25 25 usage of all hours
• 25 21,900 kWh 3285 (savings of 9855) same as
  going to a CFL

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Energy Use for Various Building Types

• Restaurant 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day
• Hospital 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day
• Office Blding 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day
• Groc/Depart 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day
• School 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day
• Religious 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day
• Residential 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day

Res 1000 -to 6000 sq ft (avg of is 1,975
square feet)
Res 11,040 kWh, an average per year of 920
kilowatt-hours (kWh) per month
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Act 1-7. Energy Audit Exercise - In-class

• In class
• Restaurant ________ x
  _______
• Hospital ________ x _______
• Office Building ________ x _______
• Department store ________ x _______
• School ________ x _______
• Religious ________ x _______
• Residential ________ x _______

Number kWh/day-bldg Total
kWh/day

• Restaurant 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day
• Hospital 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day
• Office Blding 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day
• Groc/Depart 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day
• School 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day
• Religious 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day
• Residential 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day

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Act 1-7 Electrical Energy Audit Exercise -
City

• In class
• Restaurant ___10_____ x 800
  8,000 kWh
• Hospital ____1_____ x 3700 3,700
  kWh
• Office Building ___100____ x 1700
  170,000 kWh
• Department store ___10_____ x 1300
  13,000 kWh
• School ___10_____ x 1000 10,000 kWh
• Religious ___20_____ x 220 4,400
  kWh
• Residential ___1000___ x 30
  30,000 kWh
• Total
  239,100 kWh

Number kWh/day-bldg Total
kWh/day

• Restaurant 275,000 kWh/Yr 800 kWh/day
• Hospital 1,350,000 kWh/Yr 3700 kWh/day
• Office Blding 630,000 kWh/Yr 1700 kWh/day
• Groc/Depart 480,000 kWh/Yr 1300 kWh/day
• School 360,000 kWh/Yr 1000 kWh/day
• Religious 80,000 kWh/Yr 220 kWh/day
• Residential 11,000 kWh/Yr 30 kWh/day

940 AM
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Act.1-8 Energy Survey Exercise - at Home

• Using the form at
• http//www.hss-1.us/sunyit/solarcamp/energy-audit
  s/2007_HOME_ENERGY_SURVEY.pdf
• By camp time on Wednesday do as much as you
  can of Home Energy Survey.

945 AM
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Types of Solar Technologies

• Passive Solar
• Passive solar technologies use sunlight without
  the use of mechanical or electrical systems (as
  contrasted to active solar to convert sunlight
  into usable light and heat.
• Examples Every car, south facing window, green
  house etc are all passive solar collectors.
• Also broadly speaking use shading to keep areas
  cool in summer is passive.
• Active Solar
• Active solar technologies converts solar energy
  into usable light, heat, using electrical or
  mechanical equipment
• Examples Pumps and fans, to increase the usable
  heat in a system - e.g. solar hot water.
• Solar Thermal vs. Photo Voltaics
• Solar Thermal term used to describe heat (rather
  than electricity) directly generated by the sun.
• PV directly generates electricity fro the sun
• Examples solar swimming pool heaters and
  household domestic water heaters - Demo solar
  thermal kit
• Electrical Generation
• Concentrating Solar Power - PV and Solar Thermal
• CSP systems use lenses or mirrors to focus a
  large area of sunlight onto a small area.
• Electrical power is produced when the
  concentrated light is directed onto photovoltaic
  surfaces (CPV) or used to heat a transfer fluid
  for a conventional power plant (CST).
• Examples Mirrors and Lenses to focus a light
  flash light, solar oven.
• Photovoltaics (PV) - Flat Plate
• PVs are arrays of cells containing a solar
  photovoltaic material that converts solar
  radiation into direct current electricity.
• At least fourteen types of photovoltaic cells,
  such as thin film, monocrystalline silicon,
  polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous cells

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PV History, Trends Potential

• 1880s - Photoelectric effect first observed
  (selenium)
• 1905 Einstein explains photovoltaic effect
• 1930 Selenium studies continue
• 1950s Bell Labs develop PV cells based on
  silicon for remote communication sites
• 1960s NASA develops PV for space exploration
• 1980s to 1990s Specialized uses due to high
  costs
• 2000s Century of the sun. Price drops within
  reach of other means of electricity production

950 AM
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Solar Potential
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NYS Renewable Energy Taskforce

• World Already 1 to 10 of electrical generation
• in Spain, Germany and Denmark
• US Small but growing rapidly
• NY Goal
• Develop eight times more solar photovoltaic
  energy generation in New York over 100
  megawatts by 2011.
• 2. Increasing the renewable energy supply in
  New York State to meet 25 percent of electricity
  demand by 2013

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1000 AM
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• Break Time
• Lunch 1000 1005

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Activity 1-9 Solar Potential

• On maps draw relative size of area needed to
  meet electric need for a given scale World, US
  and NY.

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Activity 1-9 Solar Potential

• On maps draw relative size of area needed to
  meet electric need for a given scale World, US
  and NY.

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63 in Berlin compared to NY
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The peak electrical load occurs on the hot
days with the most sun
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Real Cost of Meeting Peak Load
5 lowering of demand would result in a 50
price reduction during the peak hours
Extreme Peak Load - Couple of Times a Year
Occurs during heat waves Also peak solar
energy production times 70 - 95 of Peak Solar
Production
Typical Peak Load
Solar energy in the East Coast of the US has a
good financial potential because the time of peak
load matches the time of peak solar power
generation.
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Activity 1-10 Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak
Load Capacity
Having the capability to handle peak capacity for
just a couple of days each year can add
between 25 - 50 to your annual electrical bill.

• Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo
  _________
• Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15 per kWh
  _________
• Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5 kWh
  _________
• Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be
  __________

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Activity 1-10 Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak
Load Capacity
Having the capability to handle peak capacity for
just a couple of days each year can add
between 25 - 50 to your annual electrical bill.

• Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo
  _________12,000 kWh
• Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15 per kWh
  _________
• Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5 kWh
  _________
• Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be
  __________

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Activity 1-10 Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak
Load Capacity
Having the capability to handle peak capacity for
just a couple of days each year can add
between 25 - 50 to your annual electrical bill.

• Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo
  _________12,000 kWh
• Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15 per kWh
  _________ 1800
• Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5 kWh
  _________
• Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be
  __________

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Activity 1-10 Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak
Load Capacity
Having the capability to handle peak capacity for
just a couple of days each year can add
between 25 - 50 to your annual electrical bill.

• Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo
  _________12,000 kWh
• Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15 per kWh
  _________ 1800
• Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5 kWh
  _________ 600
• Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be
  __________

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Activity 1-10 Estimating Cost of Meeting Peak
Load Capacity
Having the capability to handle peak capacity for
just a couple of days each year can add
between 25 - 50 to your annual electrical bill.

• Annual kWh Use at 1000 kWh/mo
  _________12,000 kWh
• Annual Cost of 12,000 kWh at 15 per kWh
  _________ 1800
• Peak Capacity Annual Cost Per at 5 kWh
  _________ 600
• Without Peak Load Cost Annual Cost Would Be
  __________ 1200

1015 AM
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Average Price of Electricity across US in 2003
(/kWh)
In US cost ranges from 5 to 17 per kWh In NY it
is about 14 - 15 per kWh
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Bill Sample
Activity 1-11 Reading Bill
http//www.hss-1.us/sunyit/solarcamp/energy-audits
/sample-bill.pdf
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Sample Bill Cont'd
99999-9999
123456
1025 AM
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The Solar Cell
Cell
Panel or Module
Array
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Activity 1-12 Solar Cell/System

• Examine the solar PV cells on your desk
• as we go through the exercise
• We will also use a wooden mock up of the P-N
  Junction to examine how the electron Move in the
  Solar cell when exposed to sunlight

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Solar Cell

• A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type (neg)
  silicon (blue) and p-type (pos) silicon (red).
• 1-2. When sunlight shines on the cell, photons
  (light particles) bombard the upper n-type layer
  surface.
• 2-3. The photons (yellow blobs) carry their
  energy down through the cell to the lower
  p-type layer.
• 3-4. The photons give up their energy to
  electrons (green blobs) in the lower, p-type
  layer.
• 4-5. The electrons use this energy to jump across
  the barrier into the upper, n-type layer
• 5-6. This energy then allows the electron to
  escape out into the circuit.
• 6-7. Flowing around the circuit, the electrons
  make the lamp light up and back to the cell.

P-N Junction
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• Using electrons (marbles) fill in the N Type
  P-Junction
• Move electrons (marbles) as we go through the
  slides to see how the electrons move in the solar
  cell

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N-Type
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N-Type
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N-Type
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1035 AM
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Typical PV Cell
Reference 2
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Solar PV Markets

• Four basic markets that use PV Solar Cells
• (1) Utility Scale PV Systems
• (2) Commercial PV Systems
• (3) Residential PV Systems
• (4) Specialized PV Systems

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Utility Scale PV Systems
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Commercial PV Systems
Generally for on-site electricity use Building
Integrated PV Systems (BIPV) Typical of flat
roofs

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Residential PV Systems
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Specialized PV Systems

• Space Craft
• Telecommunications
• Remote pumping systems
• Refrigeration systems

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Mounting Systems
Roof mount Pole Mount Ground Mount
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Roof Mounts
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Pole Mounts
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Ground Mounts
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1055 AM
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Basic PV System Diagram
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PV Inverter
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Activity 1-13 Trace PV Solar System from Grid
to Home

• Solar home Use mock up to trace stand alone and
  grid tied.

Inverter
AC
DC
Battery
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Off-Grid Direct Coupled
PV Systems
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Off-Grid PV SystemsWith Battery
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Grid-tied PV System
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Grid tied with Battery Backup
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Solar Power Issues

• It is an intermittent resource
• None at night
• Cloudy days reduce energy production
• Transient clouds cause rapid power fluctuations
• Solar modules manufacture involves toxic
  chemicals must managed 
• China - the rumor is they pour everything into
  the nearest river. 
• Manufacture involves plenty of energy
• Payback time for just that energy is about 2.5
  years,
• But coming down (not long ago it was decades). 
• Installing PV involves  resources (people,
  offices, brochures and transportation).
• Creating a green job, also creates a way to burn
  energy and resources. 
• The very long life of a solar installation does
  outweigh many concerns, but it's still better to
  use less energy. 
• You have to eat your conservation vegetables
  before you get your PV dessert

1130 AM
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Activities- Notes

• Residential PV Grid tied exercise give students
  a simple mock up of a model house, electrical
  panel, meter, inverter, wires, solar panel, fan,
  and light
• See the Mondays Conergy presentation for ppt
  examples
• Have students use mockup to trace system and
  electrical generation flow in a net metering
  environment.
• Other Activities
• Project Graphing Heat Absorption
• Heat absorbing capacity of different colors and
  backgrounds ses 2
• Radiant water heat loss experiment session 2
• Energy Audit Homework home energy audit
  worksheet work towards designing an energy
  efficient home - session 1
• Look at managing the grid as an ISO grid
  operator. Session 6
• Give them weather situation, have them forecast
  for hydro, solar, wind, (temperature for load and
  efficiencies) give them choice as to how much
  gas, coal they will need winner will be lowest
  over power. Session 6

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Lunch

• End AM Session
• Lunch 1130 AM - 1220 PM
• 1220 PM We will meet outside to place pole in
  ground for experiment
• 1230 PM Need to be back in the G 245 Classroom