Earthquakes and Mountain Building

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Earthquakes and Mountain Building

• Presented by Mrs.Tonya

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Layers of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Inner Core
Outer Core
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Crust

• 20 miles thick below continents
• 6.5 miles thick below oceans
• Thin outer layer that surrounds the mantle
• Rocky and brittle
• Less than 1 of earths volume

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Mantle

• 1,800 miles thick
• Mostly solid but can slowly deform(plastic)
• 84 of earths volume
• 1000oC

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Core

• Inner Core
• 758 miles in radius
• Solid
• 4300oC

• Outer Core
• 1,400 miles thick
• Liquid layer
• 3700oC

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Math Trivia

• The crust is 1 of the earths volume and the
  mantle is 84 of the earths volume. What
  percentage of the earths volume is the core?

Answer 15
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Egg Model
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Tectonic Plates

• Pieces of the crust and uppermost mantle that
  make up the lithosphere
• Interconnecting pieces that fit together like a
  puzzle

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Is it possible that all of the continents were
connected to form one landmass?

• Tectonic plate activity

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Theory

• Similar species (fossils)
• Matching layers of rock
• Coastlines appearing to fit together

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Movement of tectonic plates

• Caused by convection currents(theory)
• 3 types of movement

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Normal fault

• Tectonic plates are moving apart
• Lithosphere is stretching

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Reverse fault

• Tectonic plates are moving towards one another

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Strike Slip fault

• Tectonic plates slide past one another

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What causes mountains to be formed?

• 2 tectonic plates collide
• Slabs pile into one another
• Causes crust to deform and elevate
• Oreo demo

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What causes a volcano?

• 2 tectonic plates collide
• 1 plate boundary is subducted or forced deeper
  into earth
• Causes other slab to fold deeply
• Hot magma can seep to surface of earth
• Spreading of two plates can cause hot magma to
  rise to surface

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What causes an earthquake?

• The release of stored up energy as the plates
  move past each other
• The energy moves outward from the fault in all
  directions in the form of waves
• When the waves reach the earths surface this
  causes the ground to shake

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Primary waves

• Compression waves
• Push and pull
• Slinky demo
• The fastest seismic wave

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Secondary waves

• Shear waves
• Side to side motion
• Slinky demo
• Slower than primary wave

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Love waves

• Surface waves
• Cause the most damage to buildings
• Travel the slowest of all seismic waves

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How far is the earthquake?

• Detect p-waves and s-waves on a seismograph
• Calculate difference between waves

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• Calculate distance to earthquake
• Distance rate X time
• Example
• You are traveling 30 miles/hour and you
  travel for 2 hours. What distance have you
  traveled?
• Distance (30 miles/hour)x(2 hours)
• 60 miles

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3 locations to determine where earthquake is
located
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Math Trivia

• The Himalayan Mountains formed when the Indian
  Plate crashed into the Eurasian Plate. Today the
  two plates are still colliding and the Himalayas
  continue to rise. If the first person climbed
  Everest in 1953 and the mountains grow about .5
  inches per year. How many more inches would you
  have to climb if you climbed Everest in 2009?

Answer 28 inches