Strands in the Study of Geography

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Strands in the Study of Geography
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(Final)End of Year Project 05/22/14

• Create a game about World Geography.
• Game will be played by classmates.
• Teams will be comprised of 4 members or less.
• Teams will have to create a playable game and
  promotional poster by due date.

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Eight Strands of Social Studies

• History
• Geography
• Economics
• Government
• Citizenship
• Culture
• Science, Technology, and Society
• Social Studies Skills

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Social Studies Strand - History

• People, events, and issues from the past that
• affect people presently
• will continue to affect people in the future
• Explains how individuals and societies interact
  over time

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Social Studies Strand - Geography

• Relationships among people, places, and
  environment that result in patterns on the
  Earths surface
• Meant to help people
• Compete in a global economy
• Make sure the environment stays healthy
• Understand different cultures and how they live
  together in the same planet

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Social Studies Strand - Economics

• Meant to organize systems based on what is
  produced, what is distributed, and what is
  consumed

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Social Studies Strand - Government

• Structures of power and authority
• Power is meant to provide order and stability

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Social Studies Strand - Citizenship

• Requires that people understand their
• Responsibilities as citizens
• Rights as citizens
• Ethical behavior
• People fully participate when they understand
• Civic ideals
• Citizenship practices
• Basis for constitutional republics

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Social Studies Strand - Culture

• How people develop, learn, and adapt cultures
• Meant to help people understand variety of human
  cultures in the community and around the world

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Social Studies Strand Science, Technology, and
Society

• How people live, learn, and work - past, present,
  and future based on their relationship with
  science, technology, and the environment

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Social Studies Strand Social Studies Skills

• Used to acquire, organize, and use information
  for problem-solving and decision-making.
• Meant to help people become better
  problem-solvers, decision-makers, and independent
  lifelong learners

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Exploring Geography

• You should now understand what is meant by the
  following terms
• History
• Geography
• Economics
• Government
• Citizenship
• Culture
• Science, Technology, and Society
• Social Studies Skills

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Chapter 1The Earth
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Space

• The Earth is the third planet from the sun and is
  a terrestrial planet.
• Two types of planets
• Terrestrial planets
• (made up of rocky crusts)
• Giant gaseous planets
• (more gaseous and less dense)

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Spheres

• Hydrosphere- All of earths water.
• Lithosphere- The earths crust.
• Atmosphere- The earths air.
• Biosphere- The part of the earth that supports
  life.

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Landforms

• The four major landforms are mountains, hills,
  plateaus, and plains.
• The seven most visible landforms are the
  continents
• Africa, Asia, Antarctica,
• Australia, Europe,
• North America,
• South America.

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Water

• About 70 of Earths surface is water.
• 97 is saltwater and 3 is freshwater. Many parts
  of the world are already suffering from water
  shortages.

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Climate
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Climate and Weather

• Weather is what is occurring in one place during
  a short period of time.
• Climate describes long term weather patterns.

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What Effects Climate?

• Latitude
• The Atmosphere
• Elevation
• Ocean/Wind Currents

• ?

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Latitude- Middle of Earth gets the most rays.

• The areas between The Tropic of Cancer and the
  Tropic of Capricorn receive the suns direct rays
  and are thus warmer. The farther you get from the
  middle, the colder it gets.

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The Atmosphere and Climate

• The atmosphere keeps heat from escaping too
  quickly into space.
• This is key to life on earth.

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Pollution and the Greenhouse Effect

• Pollution traps more of the Suns rays.
  Increasing the temperature.

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Chinese Smog
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Altitude/Elevation and Climate

• As you increase the elevation. The air thins out.
• This leads to two things less air, colder
  temperatures.

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Wind

• The Coriolis Effect causes prevailing winds to
  blow diagonally.
• These winds are the major trade winds of the
  world.
• They used to move ships. They still move climate
  and precipitation.

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Ocean

• Ocean currents moderate the temperature. Making
  places less cold and less hot.
• Vacation time!

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Examples
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Forces of Change
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Dynamism Inside Earth

• There is extreme heat and pressure inside of the
  Earth. In fact, temperatures there reach 8,500
  F.
• Magma is in the Mantle.
• The Crust is a thin layer of rock that is about 2
  miles thick. The crust is broken into plates that
  float on the upper mantle.

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Plate Movement

• 500 million years ago, our continents were
  together in one supercontinent called Pangaea.
• The plates have since moved apart.

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Internal Forces of Change

• The same forces that move the continents, also
  create mountains, islands, volcanoes and
  earthquakes.

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Erosion

• Erosion is the wearing away of the Earths
  surface by wind, glaciers, and moving water.
• A terrible example would be the Dust Bowl that
  devastated America during the 1930s.

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Chapter 2The Human World
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Culture

• The way of life of a group of people
• Share similar beliefs and customs
• Group of people with common characteristics

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Elements of Culture

1. History
2. Language
3. Religion
4. Entertainment/Recreation
5. Cultural Expression
6. Social Classes
7. Social Groups
8. Economic Activities
9. Government
10. Culture Regions

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World Religions
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World Culture Regions
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Culture

• We are very familiar with culture because we see
  it everyday

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Cultural Change

• Does culture stay the same?
• Internal and external factors are always changing
  cultures
• Internal new ideas, lifestyles, inventions
• External trade, migration, war
• Cultural Diffusion
• The spread of ideas from one culture to another

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Cultural Diffusion

• I. Agricultural Revolution We used to be nomads
  (people that move from place to place)
• The invention of farming allowed people to settle
  in one place creating CIVILIZATIONS

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Cultural Diffusion

• Cultural Hearths centers of civilizations whose
  ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas
• Most influential
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Pakistan
• China
• Mexico

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World Culture Hearths
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Cultural Diffusion

• Trade the development of civilizations allowed
  for the creation of technology
• The invention of new technology gave way to long
  distance trade and the spread of ideas

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Cultural Diffusion

• Permanent Migration the movement of people
  gives way to the movement of ideas
• Migrants carry their cultures with them, and
  their ideas and practices often blend with those
  of the people already living in the migrants
  adopted country

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Cultural Diffusion

• Industrial Informational Revolution
• Industrial the transformation of economies led
  to social changes
• Informational globalization!

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Exploring Geography

• Culture
• Cultural Diffusion
• Culture Hearths
• Culture Region

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Population
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Population Growth

• Demographics
• Tell you specific statistical information about
  population
• Example El Paso is 72 Latino
• Example University of Texas at El Paso is 55
  Female

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Growth Rates

• Death rate the of deaths per year for every
  1000 people
• Birth rate the of births per year for every
  1000 people
• Growth rate Birthrate Death Rate
• How much the population is growing by, total
• Can be positive, more people being born than
  dying
• Negative Population Growth
• When more people dying than being born
• Death rate is greater than birth rate
• Zero Population Growth
• When birth rate and death rate are equal

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Population distribution

• Pattern of human settlement is uneven
• People live where the following are available
• Fertile soil
• Water
• Climate without harsh extremes
• Terrain that allows for human life
• Areas where population is highly concentrated are
  typically metropolitan areas

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population density

• How crowded a country or a region is measured by
  population density

Sparsely Populated
Densely Populated
Not too much population in one area
A lot of population in one area
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Population movement

• Human Migration movement of people from place
  to place
• Emigration people move out of a place
• Immigration people move into a place
• Urbanization when people move into cities or
  urban areas (areas with heavy population density)
  from rural areas (areas with lighter population
  density)

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Push pull factors

• Push factors Things that push people to
  emigrate away from an area
• Pull factors Things that pull people to
  immigrate to an area

• Push Factors

• Pull Factors

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Doubling time

• High birthrates and low death rates greatly
  increases population growth
• Doubling time the number of years it takes a
  population to double in size
• Usually occurs in developing countries
• Ex Africa 25yrs
• EX US 300 yrs

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C. Population pyramids (Age-Sex graph)

• Useful tool to help you understand population
  characteristics of a country
• Reveals a lot about a countries patterns of
  fertility, mortality, immigration and history
• Population Pyramid

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pyramid

• Usually seen in underdeveloped countries
• High birthrates
• Young life expectancy

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Column

• Developed country
• Roughly the same birthrate and death rate
• What else can you interpret?

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Column

• More females than males
• Low birthrate

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Exploring Geography

• Literacy Rates
• Per-Capita
• Population Density
• Population Distribution
• Population Pyramids
• Rural
• Sparsely Populated
• Standard of Living
• Urban
• Urbanization

• Birth rate
• Cities
• Death Rate
• Densely Populated
• Developed Country
• Developing Country
• Emigration
• Human Migration
• Immigration
• Life Expectancy

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Political and Governmental Systems
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GOVERNMENT

• Institution through which a society
• Maintains social order
• Provides social services
• Ensures national security
• Supports its economic well-being

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Levels of Government

• Unitary System
• Gives all key powers to the national or central
  government
• Federal System
• Divides the power of government between the
  national and state Government

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Types of Government - Stems

• Definitions of pieces of words
• Beginnings of words
• uni means one
• auto- means self
• oli- means some or a few
• mono- means one
• demo- means many
• Ends of words
• -cracy means ruled by or governing body
• -archy means ruled by or governing body

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AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Oldest and most common form of government
• Most autocrats receive power through inheritance
  or ruthless use of military or police control
• Suppress political opposition

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AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Ex Absolute or Totalitarian dictatorships
• One person seeks to control all aspects of social
  and economic life
• Government is not responsible for the people
• People have no power to limit rulers actions
  for example
• Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany)
• Benito Mussolini (Italy)
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

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AUTOCRACYRULE BY ONE PERSON

• Ex Monarchy
• King or Queen exercises the supreme power of the
  govt
• Usually inherit their positions
• Absolute Monarchs have complete and unlimited
  power to rule the people
• Constitutional Monarchs share governmental
  powers with elected legislatures or serve as
  ceremonial leaders

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OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLE

• Small group holds power
• Group derives its power from
• Wealth
• Military power
• Social position
• Religion
• And/or combination of these elements
• Suppress political opposition

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OLIGARCHYRULE BY A FEW PEOPLE

• Many times both dictatorships and oligarchies
  claim they rule for the people
• But only give the illusion and no actual
  commitment is made to support the people
• Ex Communist China

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DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• System of government where leaders rule with the
  consent of the citizens
• Latin (Demosthe people) (kratiaRule)
• Government by the many not the FEW

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DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• Ex Representative Democracies
• People elect representatives with the
  responsibility and power to make laws and conduct
  govt
• Called either
• Council
• Legislature
• Congress
• Parliament

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DEMOCRACYRULE BY MANY PEOPLE

• Ex Republics (US France)
• Voters elect all major officials, who are
  responsible to the people
• Head-of-State President
• Not every democracy is a republic
• ie United Kingdom democracy with a monarch

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Exploring Geography

• By now, you should have definitions for the
  following terms
• Government
• Oligarchy
• Monarchy
• Republic
• Representative Democracy
• Autocracy
• Unitary System
• Federal System

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Economic Systems

• By SHS Social Studies

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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• The financials of a country
• How you buy, sell, and/or trade goods for other
  stuff or currency (money)

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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Three basic questions all economic systems must
  ask
• What goods and services should be produced and
  how many goods and services should be produced?
• How should the goods and services be produced?
• Who gets the goods and services that are produced?

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ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

• There are 3 major types of economic systems
• Traditional Economic System
• Command Economic System
• Market Economic System
• a. Mixed Economy

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TRADITIONAL Economic System

• Habits and customs determine the rules for how
  you buy, sell, or trade things (economic
  activity)
• You behave based on customs and traditions
• Ex Hunter and gatherer
• Today Hunting and gathering practiced in few
  parts of the world

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COMMAND Economic System

• The government owns or directs how goods are made
  (means of production) and controls the
  distribution of goods
• Means of Production
• Land
• Labor
• Capital (machinery, factories)
• Business managers

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COMMAND Economic System

• Hope decisions made will benefit all of society
  and not just a limited few
• Intent to distribute goods equally
• Problem citizens have no voice in how tax money
  is spent

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COMMAND Economic System

• Two types of Command Economic Systems
• Communism
• Socialism
• Communism the government has complete and total
  control over the economic system
• The fear..that two free decision-making
  businesses will not work for the people
• Ex Soviet Union

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COMMAND Economic System

• Socialism allows free enterprise alongside
  government-run activities
• Three main goals
• Equal distribution of wealth
• Societys control, through its government, of all
  major decisions about production
• Public ownership of most land, factories and
  other means of production
• Democratic socialism people have basic human
  rights even though the government controls
  certain industries

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MARKET Economic Systems

• Individuals and private groups make decisions
  about what to produce
• People decide what they will and will not
  purchase and what job they will hold
• Based on the idea of free enterprise or
  capitalism
• Idea that private individuals or groups have the
  right to own property or businesses and make a
  profit with only limited government interference

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MARKET Economic System

• No country in the world has a PURE market
  economic system, the next alternative is..
• Mixed economies one in which the government
  supports and regulates free enterprise through
  decisions that affect the marketplace
• Governments responsibility is to keep the
  economic system fair

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Exploring Geography

• By now, you should have definitions for the
  following terms
• Economic Systems
• Goods and Services
• Market Economic System
• Mixed Economy
• Command Economic System
• Socialism
• Communism
• Traditional Economic System
• Means of Production

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Click on the links below for more information on
each region.

• PPT Palooza
• Mr. Donn

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Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political
Cartoons and Excerpts

• By SHS Social Studies Department
• Part D
• 1230 130 pm

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Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political
Cartoons and Excerpts

1. Look at the map, chart, graph, political cartoon,
   or excerpt once, ask yourself What do you see?
2. Highlight, underline, or write down any key
   words, images, trends, legends, etc. that you
   understand (this will become your EVIDENCE)
3. Try to figure out what the author/artist is
   trying to tell the reader(s)/observers
4. Read the question and try to figure out what its
   trying to ask you

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Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political
Cartoons and Excerpts

• 5. Answer the question in your own words (prior
  to looking at options)
• 6. Read your responses from D to A, allowing
  your mind to break from its usual routine
• 7. You should respond based on the BEST answer
  that is also based on your EVIDENCE and a little
  on outside historical evidence (that you remember)

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Practice

• Lets try 1 together

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Analyzing and Image DONT READ THE QUESTION
YET! Ask yourself What do you see?
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Analyzing and Image Now that youve written down
what you see, read the question
1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the
Great Plains
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Analyzing and Image Read the answers from D to
A, eliminating and way off answers
1. The photograph above shows how farmers on the
Great Plains

• D. maintained contact with their neighbors
• C. developed new agricultural technology
• B. adapted to their environment
• A. utilized irrigation techniques

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Analyzing the Image

• The correct answer is B because it doesnt look
  very neighborly (D), it has nothing to do with
  agriculture (C), and it doesnt look like theres
  a lot of irrigation going on (A). It mostly shows
  how they adapt to the plains environment

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Analyzing Maps, Charts, Graphs, Political
Cartoons and Excerpts

• Analyze the following maps, charts, graphs,
  political cartoons and excerpts and answer them
  on your own.
• You will review the answers as a class once you
  have finished.