Life improved for people in the late Middle Ages.

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26 1 Trading Centers

• Venetians depended on the sea for a living.
• Exchanged their products for wheat (Italy) and
  fabrics and spices (Byzantines).
• They fished in the Adriatic and produced salt
  from the water.
• Developed an effective banking system
• Shipped cloth from mainland towns to other areas.
• Its navies drove Muslims from the Mediterranean
  insuring safety for merchants.

• Life improved for people in the late Middle Ages.
• Population grew
• Better ways of farming helped farmers grow more
  food.
• Peasants left farms to wok in villages as skilled
  artisans.
• Merchants exchanged luxury goods with the East.

• Flanders was a trading town that developed in
  northern Europe.
• Italian towns quarreled among themselves over
  profits and trade routes.
• Raised sheep and used wool to develop a weaving
  industry.
• Rivers joined together into the North Sea and
  harbors were built where they met.

• Flanders became an international port.
• It was an important link between Constantinople
  and North Sea.
• Traders relied on English shepherds for supplies
  of wool
• Finish cloth was sent back to England clothiers.

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Who was Marco Polo? Where was he from? Where did
he travel? Why?
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26 2 Merchants

• The medieval bank
• Merchants began to use precious metals to pay for
  goods.
• Italian money changers tested and weighed many
  coins.
• The banc or bench was where they sat in the rear
  of the fair.

• Merchants were an important part of European
  life.
• The first merchants were adventures.
• They traveled in armed groups in open wagons
  pulled by horses.

• Medieval fairs
• Merchants stopped to trade with each other at
  special gatherings.
• Fairs were held once a year and sponsored by
  nobles.
• Merchants would buy and sell goods settle
  disputes and show their wares.

• Marketplaces grew into towns.
• Merchants settled permanently in places to store
  their goods.
• They chose places along trade routes near a
  castle or monastery.
• German towns came to be called burgs.
• Markets became centers of business and social
  life.

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26 3 Living Conditions

• Living conditions were poor in the towns of the
  Middle Ages.
• Buildings were jammed close together.
• Sewers were open.
• Garbage was thrown in the streets.
• Rats brought the Black Death
• Fires were common.

• Burghers were rich merchants.
• Their day started with morning prayers and ended
  at 9 PM.
• Burghers went to the docks or markets and met
  with their business partners.
• Wife kept house.
• The family at 2 meals 10 AM and 6 PM.

• Burghers wanted to end feudal ways.
• Did not want to pay taxes or market fees
• Resented having to ask nobles permission
• Did not like serving in the army
• Had a sense of loyalty to town, not noble (or
  king)
• Built schools, hospitals and churches

• Charters affected town life.
• Communes were formed to work against the nobles.
• People wanted to establish local government.
• Charters were documents allowing towns to run own
  affairs.
• Elect officials
• Collect taxes
• Set charges for merchants
• Public works
• Enforce laws with courts
• Stocks were used for minor crimes.

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What was the Bubonic Plague? How did it Change
Europe? How many forms were there?
Europes Bubonic Plague
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26 4 Guilds

• Purpose of Guilds
• Business group to make sure members are treated
  equally.
• Members lived and worked in the same area.

• Artisans and craftsmen were guild members.
• Carpenters
• Shoemakers
• Blacksmiths
• Masons
• Tailors
• Weavers
• Seamstresses
• Embroiderers
• Laundresses
• Maidservants

• Guild rules
• Non-competition
• Could not advertise
• Had to work the same number of hours
• Had to employ the same number of workers
• Had to pay the same rate

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• Three stages of guild membership
• APPRENTICE
• Lived with master and his family (attic) parents
  paid to have him taken on
• Subject to the master
• Learning period lasted 2 7 years
• Not expected to get married
• JOURNEYMAN
• Entitled to earn a wage
• Had to work on own time to produce a masterpiece
• Must use his own tools and raw materials
• MASTER
• Completed a masterpiece and voted to be accepted
  in guild
• Economy guided the vote acceptance

Guilds also provided for mutual aid and other
social functions.

• Provided funeral expenses for members
• Covered members with a type of health insurance
• Helped in the construction of churches
• Patrons for holiday (holy day) celebrations
• Contributed to emergence of education in Europe

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Who maintained the manuscripts? How were they
made?
Medieval Manuscripts
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Innkeepers Guild
Apothecaries Guild
Writers Guild
Masons Guild
Tentmakers Guild
Jewelers Guild
Potters Guild
Armorers Guild
Woodcrafters Guild
Metalworkers Guild
Miners Guild
Clothiers Guild
Physicians Guild
Locksmiths Guild
Glassworkers Guild
Guild Guess