Energy Management

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Glassfor Fire-Resistance
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Contents

• Float glass manufacture
• Effects of heat on glass
• When to specify fire-resistant glass
• Standards / Regulations
• Classification for fire-resistant glass
• Fire Test evidence
• Integrity fire-resistant glass
• Insulation fire-resistant glass
• Typical examples of applications
• Summary

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Float Glass Production
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Glass Characteristics

• Glass is fundamentally a very strong material
• It can be severely weakened by fine cracks and
  abrasions
• It behaves like a brittle substance
• It is usually found in the following forms
• Annealed (patterned)
• PVB laminated
• Thermally toughened
• Wired

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Standard Temperature/Time Curve
The Effects of Heat on Glass
BS 476 Pt22 1987
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Annealed Glass
The Effects of Heat on Glass
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PVB Laminated
The Effects of Heat on Glass
Temperature (C)
1,000 800 600 400 200 0
Standard time / temperaturecurve
Interlayer will hold glass together until
temperature rises above approximately 250C where
vinyl begins to melt and pieces of glass will
fall from the frame
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10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
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Thermally-Toughened Glass
The Effects of Heat on Glass
Temperature (C)
1,000 800 600 400 200 0
Standard time / temperaturecurve

• Stable up to 300-350C
• Vulnerable to temperature differentials
• Above 400C de-toughens
• Above 600C glass softens and will slump from
  the frame
• Frame design is critical - edge cover

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
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Wired Glass
The Effects of Heat on Glass

• Wired glass has met the need for fire-resistant
  screens for more than 100 years
• More recently, the glass industry has developed
  sophisticated, clear view solutions
• A wide range of fire-resistant glass is
  available today

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Fire-Resistant Glass
Fire-resistant glass will only perform when it is
part of a suitable fire protection system (i.e.
in a tested fire screen)

• Glass
• Frame glazing materials
• Qualified glazier(FIRAS Scheme)

Each element in the fire tested system is as
critical as the next
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When to specify Fire-Resistant Glazing
In the event of fire...

• The building should remain structurally intact
• Fire spread over the internal linings of the
  building is inhibited
• The external walls and roofs should resist the
  spread of fire over their surfaces and fire
  spread from one building to another is
  restricted
• There should be sufficient degree of fire
  separation within the building and between
  adjoining means of escape
• There should be adequate means of escape
• There should be easy access for fire fighters and
  rescue teams

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When to specify Fire-Resistant Glazing
Building Regulations provide guidance on the safe
access and egress of buildings

• The Building Control Act 1990
• The Building Control Regulations (SI 496 of 1997)
• Technical Guidance Document B Fire Safety
• Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC) SI
  198 of 1992
• Approved Document E (Northern Ireland) 1994
• Approved Document B (England Wales)

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When to specify Fire-Resistant Glazing
Building Regulations provide guidance on the safe
access and egress of buildings

• British Standards Code of Practice for Fire
  Precautions in the Design of Buildings,
  specifically BS 5588, give alternative guidance
  on aspects of fire safety design
• Some buildings are more complex in design or
  incorporate features not covered by Approved
  Document, Part B, e.g. Atria
• Smoke screens are covered by BS 7346 1990 Part 3
  Specification for Smoke Curtains

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Fire Tests on Building Materials Structures
BS 476 Part 22 1987

• Non load-bearing glazed elements have to be
  tested to BS 476 Part 22 1987 Clause 10
• Two classifications
• Integrity
• Insulation
• Fire performance is rated in 30 minute steps
  (i.e. 30, 60, 90 or 120 minutes)
• Fire-resistant glass is specified by two numbers,
  the first referring to the integrity rating, the
  second to the insulation rating

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Fire Tests on Building Materials Structures

• IS EN 13501-2 Classification document
• Integrity
• Radiation
• Insulation
• Fire performance is rated in given steps (i.e.
  20, 30, 60, 90 or 120 minutes)
• Fire-resistant glass is specified by three
  numbers, the first referring to the integrity
  rating, the second to the insulation rating

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EN Standards for Fire Tests

• European Standards will replace national
  standards
• IS EN 1363 Part 1 - General requirements for
  fire-resistance tests
• IS EN 1364 Part 1 - Walls including glazing
  non-load bearing
• IS EN 1365 Part 2 - Floors and roofs
• IS EN 1634 Part 1 - Fire Doors
• IS EN 13501 - 2 - Classification Document
• E - Integrity
• EI - Integrity and Insulation
• Product standards relating to glass have yet to
  be published before fire-resistant glass can be
  CE marked. There will be a transitional period
  from National Standards

Also EW Radiation Classification
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Definition of Integrity
According to BS 476 Part 20 1987
2.9 Integrity

The ability of a specimen of a separating element
to contain a fire to specified criteria for
collapse, freedom from holes, cracks and fissures
and sustained flaming on the unexposed face.

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Definition of Integrity Insulation
According to BS 476 Part 20 1987
2.9 Integrity

The ability of a specimen of a separating element
to contain a fire to specified criteria for
collapse, freedom from holes, cracks and fissures
and sustained flaming on the unexposed face.

and...
2.8 Insulation
It is very important to distinguish
betweenIntegrity and Insulation in the
application
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Fire Test Evidence
Make sure that

• The fire-resistant glass was tested to the
  relevant standard
• The fire-resistant glass was tested or assessed
  as part of the framing system
• The fire testing was carried out by independent
  establishments

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Fire Test Evidence

• Manufacturers should be committed to extensively
  testing their products and over the years have
  carried out considerable testing with all
  products of their fire-resistant glass range

Make sure to always ask for test evidence!
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Fire Test Summaries
Fire Test Evidence
FIRERESISTANT GLASSES
Pilkington Pyrostop
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Fire Test Summaries
Fire Test Evidence
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Fire Test Summaries
Fire Test Evidence
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Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
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Wired Glass Wired Safety Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
A monolithic wired glass providing integrity
fire-resistance and a level of impact safety to
Class C

• Clear (polished) - for visual clarity
• Texture - for obscuration/privacy

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Wired Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• The most extensively tested range of
  fire-resistant glass in the world
• Tested in softwood, hardwood and steel framing
• Cost effective and readily available integrity
  fire solution

Apex Plaza, Reading
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Wired Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• Large tested sizes
• 1760 x 3000mm (30 minutes integrity)
• 1400 x 3000mm (60 minutes integrity)
• Wires act as a visual deterrent easily identify
  it as a fire-resistant glass
• Expected to perform for many years as long as
  the frame, with negligible maintenance costs

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Wired Safety Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Additional Benefits

• Offers impact safety
• Provides 120 minutes integrity
• Fire tested in double glazed units for
  fire-resistance
• Fire tested in a horizontally glazed steel system

Veterinary College,Cambridge
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Glazing Details
30 mins Integrity
For full details of the tested assembly refer to
the relevant Test Summary
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Glazing Details
60 mins Integrity
Wired Safety Glass
For full details of thetested assembly refer to
the relevant Test Summary
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Glass Technology
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass

• Clear, multi-layer intumescent laminatedfire-resi
  stant glass provides integrity partial
  insulation with impact safety for doors
  screens(EW classification of the European
  standard)
• On exposure to fire, the intumescent layers
  produce an opaque shield that limits the
  transmission of conductive and radiant heat
• Can provide insulation for 15 minutes

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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Norton School
Designed for use in fire-resistant doors and
screens in timber and steel
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminate Technology
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
60 mins integrity
30 mins integrity
Thicknessapprox. 13 mm
Thickness approx. 10 mm
Designed for use in fire-resistant doors
screens in timber steel
Eastgate Row, Chester
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• Proven fire performance
• Clear, unobstructed vision in normal everyday use
• Its intumescent layers provide an opaque barrier
  to flames helping reduce panic fear during
  evacuation of the building
• Available for 30 minutes for 60 minutes
  integrity

Holmes Place
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Its intumescent layers provide partial insulation
considerablyreducing the radiant heat transfer
through the glass
Temperature (C)
1,000 800 600 400 200 0
Standard time / temperaturecurve
Glazing which remains transparent in case of fire
E30 E60
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10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• Provides impact safety up to Class A of BS 6206
  1981
• Suitable for internal and external applications,
  also available in insulating glass units
• Test evidence in timber and steel framing (doors
  and partitions) in multi-panel applications
• Max size tested 1430 mm x 2905 mm in steel frame
• Readily available
• Low, if any, maintenance cost

Phoenix House, Dublin
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A View of the Market
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass

• Wide range of integrity fire-resistant glass is
  available

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Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass

• Developed more than 25 years ago in Germany to
  satisfy the integrity and insulation requirement
• Ongoing Research and Development projects have
  improved it since
• Blocks the spread of fire and remains cool on
  non-fire side
• A clear, fully insulated fire-resistant glass
  that provides the highest level of fire and
  impact protection

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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Temperature (C)
1,000 800 600 400 200 0
Standard time / temperaturecurve
Glazing which remains transparent in case of fire
E30 E60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Heat Radiation Levels after 30 mins into a
Standard Fire
Furnace
30/0Fire Rated
30/30Fire Rated
100
50
10
lt 2
Fire without any Fire-Resistant Glass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass remaining
transparent
InsulationFire-ResistantGlass
Integrity Fire-Resistant Glass with
multi-layer intumescents
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Multi-Layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Heat Radiation Levels the Threat to Lives
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Multi-layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
On exposure to fire, intumescent silicate
interlayers release water to form a glassy foam
at only 110C which is opaque to both heat and
light
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Multi-layer Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass

• Multi-layer sandwich of glass and sodium silicate
  intumescent layers
• Number of layers is determined by the fire
  performance rating which needs to be fulfilled
• Minimum of 3 interlayers for architectural
  applications, but more for insulation of up to 60
  minutes or more for oil rigs, oil tankers,
  treasures on view to the public or computer
  centres
• Provides up to 180 minutes protection from a fire
  to people and equipment

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Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Applications
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Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• Proven fire performance
• Enables greater use of glass in buildings
• The clear alternative to a solid wall
• Opaque barrier reduces panic during a building
  evacuation
• Ideal for escape access corridors
• Available in large sizes for a wide range of
  tested framing systems

St Georges Shopping Centre,Harrow
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Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits
Where has a 90 minutesinsulation fire-resistant
glassbeen used in this example?
St Georges Shopping Centre,Harrow
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Intumescent Laminated Technology
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass
Benefits

• Suitable for internal and external applications
  and insulating units
• Provides noise control and impact safety up to
  Class A (BS 6206 1981)
• High light transmission
• All thicknesses 21 mm and greater incorporate
  Pilkington Optiwhite
• A float glass with a low iron content to reduce
  the green appearance
• Readily available
• Low, if any, maintenance cost
• Shown to perform after having beeninstalled for
  20 years (Aachen Hospital)

Leadenhall St.
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Glazing Details
60 mins Integrity / 30 mins Insulation
For full details of the tested assembly refer to
the relevant Test Summary
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A View of Market
Insulation Fire-Resistant Glass

• Multi-layer intumescent laminated glassavailable
  today
• Pilkington Pyrodur? and Pyrostop?
• Pyrobelite and Pyrobel (Glaverbel)
• Swissflam (Vetrotech - St. Gobain)
• Insulating glass units comprising two or more
  panels of toughened glass and one or more
  intumescent gel-filled cavity
• Contraflam (Vetrotech - St. Gobain)

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External Application
Typical Examples of Applications
Façade
Prevent the spreadof fire from onepart of the
buildingto the next. Refer to Building
Regulations
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External Application - Façade
Typical Examples of Applications
Border of premises
Prevent the spread of fire from one building to
the nextRefer to Building Regulations
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Typical Examples of Applications
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Typical Examples of Applications
Swindon Initiative Hospital
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External Application
Typical Examples of Applications
Skylights
Avoid the spreadof fire from onepart of the
buildingto the next. Refer to Building
Regulations
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Typical Examples of Applications
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Typical Examples of Applications
WaterstonesNottinghamfire-resistantexternal
wall(30 mins insulation) 18 mmPilkington
Pyrostop
Fire protection as transparent as can be
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Internal / External Application
Typical Examples of Applications
Fire Door

• 1 Door case
• 2 Frame(steel or timber)
• 3 Door closer
• 4 Door hinges
• 5 Lock
• 6 Door handle with steel core
• 7 Fire-resistant glass (integrity insulation)
• 8 (optional)
• 9 Wall (brick work)

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Typical Examples of Applications
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Summary

• Fire-resistant glass should
• Be failsafe
• Consistently meet the relevant standards and
  regulations
• Always be specified as part of a fire tested
  assembly
• Always be glazed correctly

Pilkington recommends the use of accredited
installers wherever possible
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Fire-Resistant Glass Markings

• Examples of Marks

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and finally

• It is Pilkingtons objective to provide
  architects with light-giving, space-making
  solutions where fire protection is required
• Pilkingtons solutions are extensively tried and
  tested
• Pilkingtons products are readily available

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Thank you
Questions...
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Bibliography

• In-house sources
• Pilkington Sales Brochures and Literature
• Pilkington Technical Advisory Service
• Glass in Building (David Button Brian Pye)
• External sources
• Internet e.g. www.standards.ie,
  www.asfp.or.uk,www.irlgov.ie/ag
• Fire from First Principles (Paul Stollard
  John Abrahams)
• Fire Safety What is the law? (Michael McMahon)
• Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland
• British Standards Institute

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Handouts
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Useful Support Material

• Gl_at_ss (CD-ROM)
• Pilkington Specifire
• Literature
• Fire Test Summaries
• Web site
• www.pilkington.co.uk

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CEN-Classificationfor Fire-Resistant Glass

• The proposed CEN-Classification according to EN
  357
• E Integrity (Pilkington Pyrodur)
• EW Integrity plus reduced heat radiation
  (Pilkington Pyrodur)
• EI Integrity insulation (Pilkington
  Pyrostop)

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Index for Fire Test Summaries
Test No. Product Thickness Description Fire
Performance (Integrity) FR 1448
Pyroshield 6/7 mm Timber Doorset 30/0 FR
1636 Pyroshield 6/7 mm Timber Screen 30/0 WARRE
S 62324 Pyroshield 6/7 mm Steel
Screen 30/0 WARRES 62325 Pyroshield 6/7
mm Horizontal Steel Screen 30/0 709A Pyroshield
6/7 mm Timber Doorset 30/0 709B Pyroshield 6/7
mm Timber Doorset 30/0 WARRES
70068 Pyroshield 6/7 mm Timber Screen 30/0 RF
00138 Pyrodur Plus 7.5 mm Timber Double
Doorset 30/0 RF 00137 Pyrodur Plus 7.5
mm Timber Single Doorset 30/0 WARRES
118798 Pyrodur Plus 7.5 mm Steel Screen and Door
30/0 FR 1507 Pyrodur 10 mm Timber
Doorset 30/0 FR 1583 Pyrodur 10 mm Timber
Screen 30/0 WARRES 60195 Pyrodur 10 mm Timber
Screen 30/0 C 80773 Pyrodur 10 mm Steel
Screen 30/0 C 81599 Pyrodur 10 mm Timber
Doorset 30/0 WARRES 103033 Pyroshield 6/7
mm Timber Screen 60/0 WARRES 60280 Pyroshield 6
/7 mm Timber Screen 60/0 WARRES
68360 Pyrodur 13 mm Steel Screen 60/0 C
82442 Pyrodur 13 mm Timber Screen 60/0 WARRES
57295 Pyrostop 1521 mm Steel Screen 90/0 WARRE
S 47850 Pyroshield 6/7 mm Steel Screen 120/0
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Index for Fire Test Summaries
Test No. Product Thickness Description Fire
Performance (Integrity/Insulation) WARRES
62326 Pyrostop 15 mm Steel Screen 30/30 C
82781 Pyrostop 15 mm Timber Screen 60/30 FR
1198 B Pyrostop 21 mm Horizontal Steel
Screen 60/30 C 81598 Pyrostop 21 mm Timber
Screen 60/30 C 81600 Pyrostop 21 mm Steel
Screen 60/30 C 80885 Pyrostop 15 mm Timber
Doorset 60/30 C 81597 Pyrostop 15 mm Timber
Screen 60/30 WARRES 61062 Pyrostop 15
mm Steel Screen 60/30 C 82780 Pyrostop 21
mm Timber Screen 60/60 Chilt/RF03058 Pyrostop
23 mm Timber Screen 60/60 WARRES
127055 Pyrostop 23 mm Steel
Screen 60/60 WARRES 113978 Pyrostop 23
mm Steel Screen 60/60 WARRES
46730 Pyrostop 2121 mm Steel
Screen 120/120 WARRES 117011 Pyrostop 2323
mm Steel Screen 120/120 WARRES
131563 Pyrostop 2327 mm Low E Steel
Screen 60/60
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Pilkington Branch Network
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Fire Screen Manufacturers
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Pilkington Pyrostop Installers
Waters Glass DeanrockTogher Cork, Co.
CorkEire Tel. [phone]Fax 021 496
6800 e-mail info_at_watersglass.ie
Greaney Glass Products Ltd Carnmore,
OranmoreCo. GalwayEire Tel. [phone]Fax
091 794 369
Wexford Glass Co Ltd WestgateWexford, Co.
WexfordEire Tel. [phone]Fax [phone]
Tipperary Glass Ltd Railway RowTemplemoreCo.
TipperaryEire Tel. [phone]Fax [phone]
Glas-Seal NI Ltd 80 Belfast Road
BallynahinchCo. DownBT24 8EB Tel. [phone]
2932Fax [phone]
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Pilkington Pyroshield?