Exploration 1450-1700 Is contact with other cultures beneficial or harmful to a civilization?

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Exploration 1450-1700 Is contact with other
cultures beneficial or harmful to a civilization?
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Exploration-In a Nutshell

• When 1450-1700
• What Exploration, Conquest, Colonization
• Who Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch, England
  and other European countries
• Where Africa, the Americas, Asia
• Result Diffusion of ideas
  and cultural forces that
  reshaped the
  global
  environment

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Order of Exploration by Country

• Portugal
• Spain
• France
• The Dutch
• England

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The Order That Conquest and Colonization Happened

• Explorers
• Conquistadors
• Missionaries
• Permanent Settlers
• Official European Colony

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Major Explorers and Their Voyages

• Bartholomeu Dias voyage (1487)
• Christopher Columbus first voyage (1492-1493)
• Christopher Columbus second voyage (1493-1496)
• Vasco da Gamas voyage to India (1497-1499)
• John Cabots first voyage (1497)
• John Cabots second voyage (1498)
• Christopher Columbus third voyage (1498)
• Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1499-1500)
• Christopher Columbus fourth voyage (1502-1503)
• Magellans voyage around the world (1519-1522)

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A Map of the Known World Before 1492
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What Encouraged Exploration?

• Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned 23 years
  later to Venice with the goods and ideas he had
  brought back from China.

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What Encouraged Exploration?

• Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in
  1448-people could read accounts of previous
  explorers.
• Nations seeking new sources of revenue.
• Desire to spread Christianity
• Generally curiosity about the world

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The Three Gs

• Gold-Wealth of all kind
• Glory-More land meant glory for their kingdoms
• God- Convert the native people to Christianity
  After the Reformation there was competition
  between the Catholics and Protestants to win
  converts

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The Portuguese Prince Henry The Navigator
Not an explorer but was a patron and sponsor
Created a navigation school at Sagres, Portugal
to encourage exploration Portugal was the first
country to launch large-scale voyages of
exploration
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What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted

• Prince Henry gathered scientists,
  cartographers-mapmakers- and other experts at his
  navigation school
• Goal to find a water route to Asia to allow
  Portugal to trade directly with the East
• He died before the route was found.
• Portugal learned a lot about the African coast
  line including that gold and slaves were
  plentiful!

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New Maritime Technology
Hartman Astrolabe1532
Caravel Faster, more economical. Could navigate
shallow coastal waters and rivers. Lateen Sail
triangular sail
Mariners Compass
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Improvements in Navigation

• Better maps follow coasts at first, used compass
• Better ships Caravels- square sails and new hull
  design, heavy enough to carry canon
• Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the stars
• Knowledge of wind patterns

The astrolabe was used to determine latitude, the
north-south position on the globe, by measuring
the height or altitude of celestial bodies over
the horizon and making a calculation using the
known declination of the star.
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Magnetic Compass
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Caravel
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• The Portuguese
• Go To
• Africa and to Asia

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Portuguese in Bahrain

• Built Forts to establish their presence.

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Bartolomeu Dias

• Portuguese sailed for Portugal.
• First European to round the Cape of Good Hope in
  1488-did not make it to Asia
• Dias accompanied Cabral on the voyage that
  resulted in the discovery of Brazil
• Died in heavy seas off the
  African coast May 29, 1500.

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Vasco da Gama

• Portuguese-sailed for Portugal
• Opened a new water route for trade between Europe
  and Asia
• 1497-98, the first to travel around the southern
  most tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope and
  reach India.

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Vasco da Gama

• Very profitable voyage- returned with a cargo of
  spices and made a profit of several thousand
  percent.
• Died of an illness in India on December 24, 1524

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Vasco da Gama First Voyage 14971499
Cape of Good Hope
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The Portuguese in Africa

• King Affonso was the ruler of Kongo
• Worked as a partner with the Portuguese to
  modernize his country into a Christian state
• The Portuguese also wanted slaves
• Initially slavery was limited to war captives,
  who were numerous because of various local
  battles and continual border disputes
• When Affonso realized the toll the slave trade
  was taking on Kongo he wrote letters to the King
  of Portugal describing how his society was being
  ruined because of the slave trade
• Affonso was not successful at stopping the slave
  trade.

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Ferdinand Magellan

• Portuguese-sailed for Spain
• Sailed around the southern tip of South America.
  
• His crew was the first to circumnavigate-go
  around- the earth
• This voyage 1519-1522 proved that the world was
  round

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Magellan named the Pacific Ocean after the Latin
word meaning peaceful.
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• The Spaniards find the New World- By
  accident!

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The Spanish

• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted Spain to
  be a united, Catholic kingdom
• Inquisition- Ordered all Jews and Muslims to
  convert or leave Spain. Even Christians could be
  punished if they were suspected of defying the
  church.
• They were eager to spread
  Catholicism and profit
  from new trade routes

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Christopher Columbus

• From Genoa sailed for Spain
• Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage
• Believed that he could reach Asia, in the east,
  by sailing west
• Did not know about American continents

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The First Voyage
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The First Voyage

• Set sail on August 3, 1492
• Crew of 90 men, two caravels -the Niña and the
  Pinta- and his flagship, the Santa Maria
• Near mutinous situation on the ship
  terrible conditions
  voyage was taking far longer than thought
• Columbus promised his men they would turn back if
  land was not spotted in three days

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The First Voyage

• Landed in the Bahamas October 12, 1492
• He called it San Salvador
• Called the native people los Indios Inhabitants
  of the Indies
• They were Tainos.

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Columbus Greeted by King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella Upon His Return to Spain From the New
World
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Other Voyages of Columbus

• Columbus had a total of four voyages
• Approach to natives and Spanish alike proved to
  be brutal in other voyages
• Spanish colonists rebel and set up own colonies
• Sent back to Spain in chains for being a
  tyrannical leader
• May 11, 1502-Fouth voyage
• Fernando, his son goes with him
• Died in Spain believing he explored part of Asia

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Voyages of Christopher Columbus
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• Spain and Portugal compete with each other for
  trade profits, so who gets what?

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Why is Portuguese Spoken in Brazil?
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
The Pope Split the New World between Spain and
Portugal

• The Popes Line of Demarcation

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Treaty Details

• The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between
  Portugal and Spain in 1494
• Divided up all the land on the Earth outside of
  Europe, no matter who was already living there.
• Pope Alexander VI was the pope at the time of the
  treaty.
• He drew an imaginary line 480 kilometers to the
  west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the
  land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the
  land to the west of this line.
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were the rulers
  of Spain at the time.
• This treaty was signed at Tordesillas, hence the
  name of it.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas
The House on the top center left to the tower is
where the treaty was concluded in 1494
The treaty with the signatureof the sovereign of
Spain and Portugal
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Amerigo Vespucci

• Born in Florence, worked for the Medici and
  sailed for Spain
• Sailed around the coast of South America and
  concluded it was not Asia but a new land.
• America was later named after him for this vital
  discovery.

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The Columbian Exchange

• An exchange between the Americas and the rest of
  the world.
  
• Result of Columbuss voyages to the New Word,
• European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles
  of American Indians
• European diseases like smallpox killed many
  American Indians

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These items came from North or South America These items came from Europe, Africa or Asia
Avocado Beans Cashews Chocolate Corn Guinea pig Peanuts Pineapple Potatoes Pumpkin Rubber Silver Sunflower Tobacco Tomatoes Turkey Vanilla Pumpkin (squash) Bananas Cabbage Chicken Citrus Coffee Cows Garlic Grapes Horses Lettuce Onion Peaches Pigs Rats Rice Sheep Smallpox Sugar Tea Wheat Black pepper

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Triangular Trade

• Included slaves and manufactured goods

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The Columbian Exchange
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Disease

• Smallpox, measles, and influenza
• Natives had no immunity, or resistance, to
  disease
• Wiped out village after village
• By 1500 as much as 90 of the native population
  in the Caribbean had died
• Great advantage to the Europeans wanting to take
  control of the indigenous people

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Horses on Boats!
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Impact of the Columbian Exchange

• Europeans needed labor to farm the land
  plantation system/Encomienda.
• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the
  use of slaves from the Americas and Africa.
• Slavery was based on race.

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Encomienda System

• Encomienda the right of the Spanish government
  to use Native Americans as laborers but not
  necessarily as slaves.
• Began in 1503
• Result of the plantation system Destroyed the
  indigenous population and economics
• Damaged the environment.

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Father Bartolomé de Las Casas

• Dedicated his life to abolishing the Encomienda
  system.
  
• Proposed replacing the slave labor of the natives
  with slaves from Africa.
• He eventually recanted this as well, and
  became an advocate for the Africans in the
  colonies

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Middle Passage

• The stage of triangular trade in which millions
  of people from Africa were taken to the New World
• Ships departed Europe for Africa with
  manufactured goods, which were traded for
  purchased or kidnapped Africans
• Africans were transported across the Atlantic
• Slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials

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African Slavery
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Triangular Trade
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Plan of A Slave Ship
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Consequences of the African Slave
Trade

• African families torn apart
• African culture lost generations of members
• Through the skills and labor of African slaves,
  the economy of the Americas prospers

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Colonial Economies

• Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother
  country
• Colonial economies were limited by the economic
  needs of the mother country
• A major element of the economy was the mining of
  precious metals for export
• Outposts of colonial authority were established
  in major cities Havana, Mexico City, Lima,
  Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires

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Commercial Revolution

• European maritime nations competed for overseas
  markets, colonies, and resources.
• The belief was that there was a limited amount of
  wealth in the world so a country had to get their
  hands on as much of it as possible
• New money and banking systems were created.
• A new economic system emerged mercantilism

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Mercantilism

• According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a
  nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or
  gold and silver.
• Mercantilism was an economic practice adopted by
  European colonial powers in an effort to become
  self-sufficient
• This set of principles dominated economic thought
  in the seventeenth century

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Balance of Trade

• The difference in value between what a nation
  imports and what it exports over time

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• Conquest of South America

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Hernán Cortés and the Aztec

• 1521- Cortes conquered Montezuma and the Aztecs
  in Tenochtitlan, Mexico
• Mexico City was rebuilt on the ruins of
  Tenochtitlan

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Tenochtitlan by Hernán Cortés

• This 1524 map depicts the thriving Aztec
  capital, Tenochtitlan, based on the eyewitness
  account of Hernán Cortés.
• Printed map, hand colored

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Pizarro Defeated the Inca

• 1532- Collision at Cajamarca
• You already know the rest of the story!!

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• Colonies

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Characteristics of the Colonial System

• Colonial governments mirrored the home
  governments
• A viceroy, or representative ruled in the name of
  the King (monarch)

Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of
Portuguese India
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A Layered Society

• The separation of the various peoples in the
  colonies created a very intricate list of names
  to describe one's precise race and, by
  consequence, one's place in society
• Peninsulares-born in Spain, held highest
  positions in colonial government and Catholic
  Church
• Creole- American born descendants of Spanish
  settlers, owned most of the plantations, ranches
  and mines.

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A Layered Society

• Mestizo- Native American and European descendant
• Mulatto- African and European descendant
• African and Native American descendant were the
  lowest social class

"Spaniard and Indian produce Mestizo"
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• The philosophy led to the separation of the
  various peoples in the colonies and created a
  very intricate list of
• nomenclature to describe one's precise race and,
  by consequence, one's place in society. To
  illustrate how
• complex this nomenclature became the following
  list was in use in New Spain (Mexico) during the
  eighteenth
• century
• Spaniard and Indian Mestizo (50 European and
  50 Native American)
• Mestizo and Spanish woman Castizo (75 European
  and 25 Native American)
• Castizo woman and Spaniard Spaniard (87.5
  European and 12.5 Native American)
• Spanish woman and black man Mulatto (50
  European and 50 African)
• Spaniard and Mulatto Morisco (75 European and
  25 African)
• Morisco woman and Spaniard Albino (87.5
  European and 12.5 African)
• Spaniard and Albino woman Torna atrás (lit.
  "turn back") (93,75 European and 6,25 African)
• Indian man and Torna atrás woman Lobo (50
  Native American, 46,875 European, and 3,125
  African)
• Lobo and Indian woman Zambaigo (75 Native
  American, 23,4375 European, and 1,5625 African)
• Zambaigo and Indian woman Cambujo (87.5 Native
  American, 11,71875 European, and 0,78125
  African)
• Cambujo and mulatto woman Albarazado (43.75
  Native American, 30,859375 European, and
  25,390625 African)
• Albarazado and Mulatto woman Barcino (40.43
  European, 21.87 Native American, and 37.7
  African)
• Barcino and Mulatto woman Coyote (45.215
  European, 10.935 Native American, and 43.85
  African)
• Coyote woman and Indian man Chamiso (22.6075
  European, 55.4675 Native American, and 21.925
  African)
• Chamiso woman and Mestizo Coyote mestizo
  (36.30375 European, 52.73375 Native American,
  and 10.9625 African)

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Population Distribution of Spanish
America
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Other Explorers
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Sailing for Spain
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Vasco Núñez de Balboa

• Balboa led an expedition across the Isthmus of
  Panama in1513.
• Balboa became the first European to see the
  Pacific Ocean

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• Sailing for England

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John Cabot

• Italian-Sailed for England
• June 21, 1497 John Cabot landed in Nova Scotia
• Shipwrecked and drowned during second voyage in
  1498.
• Cabot's expeditions were the first of Britain's
  claims to Canada and East Coast of US

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Sir Francis Drake

• Famous for leading the first English
  circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580
• Pirate! His job was to disrupt the Spanish
  voyages to the New World

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Circumnavigation of Drake
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• Sailing for France

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Jacques Cartier

• French-Voyages funded by Francois I
• Looking for a passage to Asia
• 1534- first European to travel inland in North
  America.
• Claimed Canada for France
• Three voyages

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• Sailing for Holland

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The Dutch

• The first Europeans to challenge Portuguese
  domination of Asian Trade
• Goal to find a Northwest passage.
• Is there a Northwest passage?
• English sailor Henry Hudson claimed New York for
  the Dutch in 1609.

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Canada
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END PPT

• Other information follows

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Curriculum Guide

• Ferdinand Magellan
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Vasco da Gama
• Francisco Pizzarro
• Jacques Cartier
• Christopher Columbus
• Francis Drake
• Hernan Cortez

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• PortugalVasco da Gama
• SpainChristopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez,
  Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan
• EnglandFrancis Drake
• FranceJacques Cartier

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Sources

• http//ambassadors.net/archives/issue19/profile.ht
  m
• http//www.kwabs.com/tordesillas_treaty.html
• Vespucci http//www.uh.edu/engines/epi43.htm
• Spanish Empire http//video.answers.com/history-o
  f-the-spanish-empire-298065658
• Layered society
• http//forum.stirpes.net/revisionism/24791-learn-a
  bout-our-history-multiculturalism-mestizaje-detail
  s-hints-aply-nowadays.html
• Slave Trade http//www.afbis.com/analysis/slave.h
  tm
• After Pizarro Food in Colonial Peru and
  Today (Conclusion)
• http//gherkinstomatoes.com/2008/12/08/after-pizar
  ro-colonial-peru-conclusion/

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