Panel 3: Strategies For Managing Water Resources Wednesday, April 19th (11:45am-12:45pm)

1
Panel 3 Strategies For Managing Water
Resources Wednesday, April 19th
(1145am-1245pm)
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
2
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 3 Strategies For Managing Water
Resources
Rural Water Sector Decentralization In
IndiaAtheeq Khan
3
Rural Water Supply Sector Reforms in India An
Assessment Atheeq Khan
4
Current Status

• 96 rural habitations have access
• Yet, Investment in the sector is increasing
• 1996-2001 US 1911 millions
• 2002-2007 US 5511 millions
• Indicating unsustainability
• Access does not translate to quality of service
  (WB, 2006)

5
Traditional RWS Policy Supply driven Top down

• Government to provide adequate water to all
• State Agencies to plan and build and maintain
• Joint Central State Govt. financing
• Projects based on supply side calculations
• Water rate not collected
• Non - participative

6
Sector Reforms

• Decentralization
• Demand driven
• Bottoms up
• Participative

7
Decentralization A Theoretical Perspective

• Efficiency through decentralization
• Information
• Heterogeneity of services
• Local supervision
• Accountability to local citizens

8
Decentralization A theoretical perspective

• Equity through Decentralization
• Local information on poor
• Local Governments in better position to target
• Local decisions favor pro-poor decisions

9
Conditions for Decentralization to succeed -
Theory

• Local Decisions fully transparent
• Cost of local decision fully borne locally
• Benefits do not spill over jurisdictions
• R. M. Bird (1994)
• Empowerment of local actors
• Accountability Mechanisms
• Bardhan (2002) Agarwal Ribot (2002)

10
Accountability Mechanisms

• Institutions
• Fiscal autonomy at local level
• Dependence on Hierarchical relationship with
  higher level of Government

11
Sector Reforms Policy Analysis

• Direction
• Step in right direction?
• Adequacy
• Not adequate
• Success so far
• Poor

12
Inadequacy of decentralization

• Local Governments PRIs in India
• Relatively young institutions
• Developments of PRIs not uniform among states
• Capacity building of local Governments
• Local Governments have poor capacities
• Fiscal autonomy poor

13
Inadequacy of decentralization

• Empowerment
• Poor fiscal and administrative decentralization
• Accountability
• Citizen participation by way of fiscal
  contribution poor
• PRIs accountable to distant central Government
  bureaucrats
• Elite capture and poor local accountability
  mechanisms

14
Policy Alternatives

• Create incentives for local actors to respond to
• Empower local Governments and hold them
  responsible
• Participative processes for information gather
  and use from local citizens
• Institutional mechanisms for stakeholder
  participation

15
Policy Alternatives - Continued

• Adequate fiscal and administrative
  decentralization
• Techno-managerial capacities for Village
  governments
• Monitoring, evaluation, policy advice and
  technical supervision capacities for intermediate
  and state level Governments
• Local fiscal Autonomy

16
Conclusion

• Reform is in right direction, but not adequate
• Decentralization not effective without adequate
  fiscal and administrative decentralization

17
Conclusions Contd

• Downward accountability mechanisms need
  strengthening
• Greater attention to institutional strengthening
  and community participation

18
End Note

• Invest in local Governments for Better Governance
• Thank you
• Atheeq Khan
• alkhan_at_maxwell.syr.edu

19
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 3 Strategies For Managing Water
Resources
Urban Water Resource Management In IndonesiaDan
Wilder
20
Urban Water Resource Management in Indonesia

• Dan Wilder

21
Outline

• Background
• Water Needs
• Sanitation
• Decentralization
• Challenges
• Recommendations

22
Tanah Air Kita

• Worlds largest archipelago
• 13,000 islands,
• 6,000 inhabited
• Worlds 4th most populous country after China,
  India, the U.S.
• 242 million people
• 2/3rds live on the island of Java
• Jakarta 9.5 million

23
Water Needs

• Largely rural, agriculture plays an important
  role, but.
• 45 of Indonesias population currently lives in
  urban areas (109 million)
• Expected to increase to 60 by 2025, an estimated
  160 million people
• Growth in manufacturing
• Over-pumping leads to shrinking aquifers and
  saltwater intrusion

24
Sanitation

• Affects wealthy and poor alike
• Public health problems
• 30 of Indonesians suffer from
• waterborne illnesses each year
• Diarrhea the 2nd largest killer of children
• 100,000 children under age 5 each year
• Highest incidence of typhoid fever in Asia
• Urban sewerage coverage 3

25
Context Decentralization

• 1980s District level responsible for providing
  water services
• Control still highly centralized
• Asian financial crisis fall of Suharto
• Central government lacks capacity
• 1999 regional autonomy laws

26
Structural Challenges

• Infrastructure
• Aging systems
• Financing
• PDAMs in debt from Financial Crisis
• Tariffs set too low

27
Structural Challenges (Contd)

• Administrative Capacity
• Illegal pumping ? loss of 40 of revenues
• Ambiguous pollution oversight responsibilities
• Governors responsible for prosecution
• Adverse Incentives
• Over-consumption
• Illegal markets
• Creative revenue schemes

28
Recommendations

• Give local governments the power to prosecute
• Monitor wastewater instead of the amount of water
  pumped

29
13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 3 Strategies For Managing Water
Resources
Water And Healthcare In Urban ChinaXiaodong
Chen
30
Presentation

• Water policy development in urban
  China
• Xiaodong Chen
• 
  2006-4-19

31
Introduction

• Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human
  need and a precious asset for human being . Most
  of the developing countries face a serious
  problem not only to meet the rapidly growing
  demand for water resources but also to sustain
  water quality .
• Since the adoption of the reform and opening up
  policy in China , Chinese national economy has
  gained rapid development and people's living
  standard enhanced quickly. However, with the
  economic development, the environment of water is
  faced with much pressure .
• The magnitude of Chinas water problems is under
  increasingly stressful conditions of water
  shortages, and temporal variations in water
  surplus and deficit, the rapid deterioration of
  surface and groundwater quality.

32
Background

• For China , rapid economic growth is imperative
  to alleviate poverty ,raise income levels and
  improve the citizensquality life . Water
  pollution in urban China did not receive much
  official attention until the mid-1970s . Economic
  growth has always had higher priority than
  environmental pollution control issues on China's
  development agenda .
• Most water pollution in urban China is caused by
  inadequate treatment of municipal sewage , only 5
  of the total sewage discharged annually
  treated. Water sources in 50 percent of the major
  cities and towns cannot meet drinking water
  standards .
• Great efforts should be made to further promote
  the water environmental protection work in China
  .

33
Water issue and health

• Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human
  need and a precious asset for human being .
  Water sources include surface water ,ground water
  and rainwater.
• Water related disease is devided by four types .
• Keeping the environment clean from pollution is
  not only good for the environment, but also good
  for our health . In other words, health is best
  protected by the provision of an environmental
  service and benefits from having a clean water
  supply.

34
Water sources pollution

• The sources of drinking water include rivers,
  lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and
  wells. As water travels over the surface of the
  land or through the ground, it dissolves
  naturally occurring minerals and can pick up
  substances resulting from the presence of animals
  or from human activity .
• Water pollution is determined by mainly two
  factors the number of people and the amount of
  consumption and production by human activities.
• Population growth brings environment
  deterioration through development, such as large
  scale farming, urbanization and
  industrialization.

35
Water quality effect factors

• The effectiveness of pollution control mechanisms
  mostly depends on government actions. The
  efficiency of implemented wastewater treatment
  management is the key to improve water quality .
• Population and human activities affect water
  quality however, appropriate treatment can help
  to avoid the deterioration of water quality .
• Whether countries try to improve environmental
  quality depends on their income level .
  Furthermore, investment into the projects to
  control wastewater is also an important factor to
  control water pollution.
• Water quality is affected by other factors, such
  as government efforts for water treatment and the
  social and economic environment .

36
The current situation in urban China---Challenge

• Environment-related public health problems are
  yet another challenge Chinas leaders must
  address . The most serious problem is unsafe
  drinking water.
• More than three-quarters of the water flowing
  through Chinas urban areas is considered
  unsuitable for drinking or fishing.
• Overall, Chinas capacity to address
  environmental challenges need to be enhanced .
  Now, The State Environmental Protection
  Administration (SEPA) has only 300 full time
  professional staff in Beijing, and China devotes
  only 1.3 of its GDP to environmental protection.

37
Tha analysis of the water pollution control in
urban China

• China promotes the idea of sustainable water
  use as a key policy goal. The emission of wastes
  from the industrial pollution sources of the
  whole country should meet the standards at
  national and local levels.
• Boiling water is effective in destroying all
  kinds of waterborne pathogens, and can be applied
  to all waters .
• Solar Radiation is an accessible, low cost method
  of household water treatment that is also
  technologically feasible. Chlorine is the most
  common and the most affordable of the chemical
  disinfectants .
• Conclusion

38

13th Symposium on Development and Social
Transformation
Panel 3 Strategies For Managing Water
Resources Wednesday, April 19th (1145am-1245pm)
Atheeq Khan Rural Water Sector Decentralization In India
Dan Wilder Urban Water Resource Management In Indonesia
Xiadong Chen Water And Healthcare In Urban China