Let us bow before the noblest of sages Patanjali, who gave yoga for serenity and sanctity of mind, g

1
Let us bow before the noblest of sages Patanjali,
who gave yoga for serenity and sanctity of mind,
grammar for clarity and purity of speech and
medicine for perfection of health. Let us
prostrate before Patanjali, an incarnation of
Adisesa, whose upper body has a human form, whose
arms hold a conch and a disc, and who is crowned
by a thousand-headed cobra. Let us prostrate
before Lord Adisesa who manifested himself on
earth as Patanjali to grace the human race with
health and harmony.Let us salute Lord Adisesa
of the myriad serpent heads and mouths carrying
noxious poisons, discarding which he came to
earth as single-headed Patanjali in order to
eradicate ignorance and vanquish sorrow. Let us
pay our obeisance to Him, repository of all
knowledge, amidst his attendant retinue. Let us
pray to the Lord whose primordial form shines
with pure and white effulgence, pristine in body,
a master of yoga who bestows on us his yogic
light to enable mankind to rest in the house if
the immortal soul.
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Atha Yoganushãsanam
Now on Union Explanation 1.1
Atha Now, hereafter Yoga Union, integration
anushasanam Instruction , dictums, laws , rules
Q. Now what are going to study? A. What follows
is an instruction on Union.
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In order to understand the prerequisites we
should understand the different states of mind.
The great commentator Vyasa enumerates five
states of mind
Restless state
The butterfly state of mind which is ever
restless and ever Wondering, easily attached to
Ourside objects and hence extremely unsteady
Forgetful state
Possessed by excessive quality of inertia is
morbid, dull and forgetful
The unsteady state
Occasionally steady but predominantly unsteady.
The unsteady state either acquired or brought
about by the obstacles of disease,
disinclination etc
Focussed state
Wholly engrossed in one idea, one pointed,
focused. A frame of mind devoid of obstacles
to practice, disinclined towards outside objects
and prepared for a state of Union
Restrained state
Perfectly controlled and restrained

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Adi Sankara enlists requirement of a sincere
seeker
1. Discrimination between the eternal and the
transitory
2. Renunciation of enjoyment of fruit of action,
here and hereafter
3. Six fold wealth,comprising of a sama
Undisturbed concentration on the object of
perception b. dama Control of sense
organs c. uparati Condition of state of
withdrawal from the object world d. titiksa
Endurance of pleasure and pain, without
dejection or elation e. sraddha Faith in
the scriptures and the teacher f. samadhana
Constant focusing of the mind on the self
4.Yearning for liberation
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A serious student of Yoga, seeking Union of the
Self with the Super Self should have

• Right attitude of mind, open, without prejudice,
  free of preconceived notions.
• A spirit of enquiry, and be enthusiastic
• A desire for emancipation from the wheel of
  birth and death
• Lessened liking for the external world of object
  towards which the senses drag the mind.
• Kindly disposition
• Appreciation of the fact that the external is
  transitory and as a consequence reduction or
• renunciation of the desire to enjoy the
  fruits of action here or hereafter.
• Capability for prolonged and undisturbed
  concentration on a chosen object.
• Attitude of mind to endure all pain and sorrow
  without thought of retaliation, without dejection
• and without lamentation.

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The qualifications of a teacher. Adi Sankara
summarises the qualities needed of a teacher as
outlined in the Mundaka and Brahdaranyaka
Upanishad
Shrotriya
Teacher must be well versed in the scriptures
Brahmanishtam
Teacher must be well established in the Brahman
(Being)
akamahata

• Teacher must be un-smitten by desire
• Teacher must be unmotivated by any selfish
  purpose

avrijina

• Teacher shall be stainless
• Teacher shall be simple and guileless

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The student should not be an overflowing cup




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Save yourself by saying I dont know
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Discussion questions
1. What do we know about Patanjali? 2. Is
Patanjali the originator of Yoga? 3. Is
Patanjali Yoga and Hatha Yoga same? 4. Is Yoga
a religion? Is Yoga Hinduism? 5. Is Yoga a
philosophy? 6. What is Patanjali Yoga about?
7. What is the aim of Patanjali Yoga? 8. Is
Yoga a means or an end?
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The unexamined life is not worth living.
Socrates
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What is Sutra ?
Sutra means thread. Sutra in this context could
be interpreted as a terse link or thread of
essential points. These "threads" are extremely
terse, stating concisely and often precisely,
essential points or techniques. Originally these
teachings were oral and were explained and
interpreted by commentaries from a teacher
guiding the student. Sutra (aphorism). Sutra
(aphorism) enshrines, in a few words, vast
expanses of meaning, vast depths of fundamental
significance.
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A sutra should be

• Concise, consisting of minimum number of
  letters.
• Clear, without doubt with regard to the meaning.
• Convey the essence of an Upanishadic Statement
• Multi-faceted. Reflect all aspects of the
  subject.
• Without glorifications
• Faultless (There should be no defects in the
  words and Meanings).

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How do should one proceed with the study?
Remember Lord Buddhas Four reliances

1. Rely
on the message of the teacher, not on his
personality
2. Rely on the
meaning, not just on the words

3. Rely on the real
meaning, not on the provisional one

4. Rely on your wisdom
mind, not on your ordinary judgmental mind.
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Yogash Chittavritti_Nirodhah
Union is then When mental modifications end
1.2
Yoga Union Chitta Mind
stuff Vritti Modifications,
fluctuations Nirodha Cease, stop, avoid,
eliminate, suppress, hinder, annihilate
Q What is Yoga? A Yoga is avoidance of mental
modifications
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What is vritti?
Vritti simply means a condition or a state
arising as a result of the change in a thing. Any
cognition is possible only through vritti. No
knowledge is possible without vritti. When the
mind sees an object, say a pot, mind undergoes
change or modification and assumes the form of a
pot. There are three kinds of vritti admitted in
advaita.
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Vrittis / Modifications
Thought waves caused by an external word or by an
internal impression
Mind
Vritta means circle. And vritti means circular.
When one throws a small stone into water, it
creates ripples, which spreads outwards in a
circular form. In the same way, mind has its own
patterns which support identity, action, ambition
and cause and effect. They influence the mental
structure of an individual. Every dimension of
knowledge, every kind of thought and every field
of awareness is nothing but a modification of the
mind. When there is no modification, there is
stillness.
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The four facets of mind
Buddhi Intellect

• That part of the mind in which knowledge,
  whether conceptual
• or perceptional appears as a finished thing

Manas Mind

• Characterzied by uncertain ty, doubt, fickleness
  and hesitation

Mind
Chittha Will

• Seeks happiness and tries to avoid unhappiness
• Remembers - Impressions of the past stored,
  Memory.

• The, I'doer, false sense of ego.
• A compound thing, not a unity
• Changes with the sense of detachment
• Part, a reflection of the TRUE SELF and part,
  accidental.

Ahamkara Ego sense
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The HINDU goddess Saraswathi literally means "one
who gives the essence(sara) of our own Self(swa).
"The four hands of the Goddess represent the four
aspects of the inner personality of man,namely
manas(mind), buddhi(intellect), ahankar(ego), and
chitta(conditioned consciousness). Saraswathi is
the consort of Brahma who is the creator.
Creation is not possible unless the creator has
knowledge of what and how to create. Knowledge
therefore is an essential prerequisite for
creation.This idea is symbolized by the marriage
of Brahma and Saraswathi.
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Analysis indicates the Intellect (Buddhi) in
action
Mind (Manas) arises when yesterday and
tomorrow arises. Negating the NOW
B E C O M I N G
The WILLING. chitta
In Yesterday's party, there were so many neo
rich. The economy must be really doing well. But
John did not bother to recognize me. I will
become as rich as he is so that he doesnt ingore
me in future.
The false EGO (Ahamkara)
WAKING STATE
BEING
Yesterday The causal It is the stored
impressions called vasanas that cause mind to
spring up. It is the yesterday that lays
foundation for today and also obscures the vision
of today. yesterday is the stored arrows in the
quiver
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Analysis indicates the Intellect (Buddhi) in
action
Mind (Manas) arises when yesterday and
tomorrow arises. Negating the NOW
B E C O M I N G
The WILLING. chitta
In Yesterday's party, there were so many neo
rich. The economy must be really doing well. But
John did not bother to recognize me. I will
become as rich as he is so that he doesnt ingore
me in future.
The false EGO (Ahamkara)
WAKING STATE
BEING
There were so many neo rich The impressions
stored about wealth and valor makes one look at
the presented picture from the point of view of
wealth and having had a desired picture, proceed
to think and analyze about it. The thinking and
analysis is the Buddhi/intellect in action. If
there are no stored up impressions there is no
thinking or analysis either.
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Analysis indicates the Intellect (Buddhi) in
action
Mind (Manas) arises when yesterday and
tomorrow arises. Negating the NOW
B E C O M I N G
The WILLING. chitta
In Yesterday's party, there were so many neo
rich. The economy must be really doing well. But
John did not bother to recognize me. I will
become as rich as he is so that he doesnt ingore
me in future.
The false EGO (Ahamkara)
WAKING STATE
BEING
John did not bother to recognize me False
identification of ego with thought. Desire for
recognition stemming out of mistaken identity of
the real ego with the thought. This mistaken
identity triggers desire for recognition and the
failed fulfillment of desire kindles further
desire for acquiring riches. Yesterdays arrows
have an effect. Additional arrows in the form of
desires get added to the quiver.
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Analysis indicates the Intellect (Buddhi) in
action
Mind (Manas) arises when yesterday and
tomorrow arises. Negating the NOW
B E C O M I N G
The WILLING. chitta
In Yesterday's party, there were so many neo
rich. The economy must be really doing well. But
John did not bother to recognize me. I will
become as rich as he is so that he doesnt ingore
me in future.
The false EGO (Ahamkara)
WAKING STATE
BEING
I will become rich tomorrow The willing today is
creating the tomorrow. The arrow in the quiver is
aimed, unleashing new desires.
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The state of equlibrium is the state of stillness
of the mind.The very first movement of the
cosmic mind, when it thought I am, resulted in
the apparent disequilibrium, creating the
ripples of Gunas- Sattva, Rajas and Thamas. This
thought resulted in the creation of space (mind)
and sound ( Prana, vital energy). Mind and Prana
are mixed like milk and water and hence are
inseparable. Where there is prana there is mind
(consciousness) and where there is
consciousness, there is movement. Moving beyond
the influence of Gunas would mean moving back to
state of equlibrium.
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How is mind modified?

• Mind is modified by any subject or object
  brought before it or to which it is directed
• The modification occurs from the power of
  reproducing thoughts too.
• The channels by which the mind is led to go out
  to an object or subject, are the organs of
• sight, touch, taste, hearing, and so
• By means of hearing it shapes itself into the
  form of the idea which may be given in
• speech,
• By means of the eye in reading, it is molded
  into the form of that which is read
• Sensations such as heat and cold modify it
  directly and indirectly by association and by
• recollection.

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Apart from the mind there is no ignorance. The
mind itself is the ignorance which is the
cause for the bondage of rebirth. When the mind
is destroyed, everything else is destroyed. When
the mind manifests, everything else manifests
Adhi Sankara
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How is mind influenced? Mind is influenced by
several forces. They are
Body
Environment
Society
MIND
Food
Habits
Personal disciplines
Senses
Breath
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The issue

• As human beings we perceive world outside
  through our mind.
• The mind does not perceive objects as they are.
• The mind does not perceive correctly because it
  is influenced by Avidya (false
• understanding) due to identification with
  body, breath, senses, food, personal disciplines,
• habits , society and environment.
• This wrong perception leads to false
  understanding.
• False understanding influences our action.
• The action based on false understanding causes
  suffering and binding.
• We need to be free from this suffering and
  binding.
• Freedom can come about if the Perceiver is
  not clouded by mind.
• Perceiver we see is a different entity from the
  process of perceiving and the object of
• perception.
• Yoga is the means to free ourselves from the
  bondage and take us to a state of union of
• the perceiver, process of perception and the
  perceived.

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The characteristics that qualify the mind stuff
Firstly, mind is outgoing
Second, it is objectifying in its nature
Characteristics that qualify the mind stuff
Third, it is always in motion, always restless,
always fickle, never steady
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What is mind?

• Mind is not a gross thing, visible and tangible
• Mind's magnitude cannot be measured
• Mind does not require a space in which to exist
• Mind's existence is nowhere seen
• Mind precedes matter
• Mind is all electricity
• Mind is formed out of the subtlest portion of
  food
• Mind is made up of subtle matter of various
  grades of density with differentiates of
  vibration
• Mind is atomic, all pervading
• Mind is a bundle of habits, desires and ideas
• Mind is ever changing, wavering and unsteady
• Mind is intelligent when compared to senses and
  non intelligent compared to Intellect
• Mind is the cause for liberation as well as
  bondage
• Mind is the manifestation of the non
  apprehension of Reality caused by inertia
• Mind is the equipment that orders all types of
  action that should manifest

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Is brain and mind the same?
The brain is a heap of cells made up of protein
and fat molecules. It is formed of nerve cells
called neurons. There is no power in this piece
of meat to observe the images, to constitute
consciousness, or to create the being we call
myself
Dr. Michael Solomon a cardiologist at the Emory
University Medical Science in his book,
'Recollection Of Death A medical investigation'
- 1982 reports of his extensive research on near
death experiences. He consculdes that the mind is
an entity distinct from the brain and the near
death crisis caused the mind and brain to split
apart for a brief time. Solomon wrote 'Could the
mind which splits apart from the brain, be in
essence, the soul, which continues to exist after
the final bodily death, according to some
reliaious doctrines?'
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There is no such thing as peace of mind. Mind
means disturbance, restlessness itself is mind.
Yoga is not an attribute of the mind, nor is it a
state of mind.

Sri
Nisargadata Maharaj
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The monkey and the frog
Mind and Intellect
Monkey by its very nature is always restless and
jumping from one object to another. It is ever
changing and wavering. Imagine such a restless
monkey intoxicated with alcohol and bitten by a
string of bees, that is the state of mind.
A frog on the river bank can see only what moves.
When the wind ruffles water, frog sees the water
surface. If wind stops, the water body does not
register on the frogs mind. Similarly as long as
a minnow is darting around in the pond, the
frogs eyes can follow it everywhere. But the
moment the minnow stops, it disappears from the
mind of the frog. As long as the frog is
concerned the minnow has slipped away- until it
flicks its tail again.
This is exactly the relationship between the mind
and the intellect. As long as there is mental
modification, so long will intellect keep
following the mind. When mind stops, when its
modifications cease, for the intellect, the mind
has disappeared until modifications start again
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The monkey and the frog
Mind and Intellect
This is exactly the relationship between the mind
and the intellect. As long as there is mental
modification, so long will intellect keep
following the mind. When mind stops, when its
modifications cease, for the intellect, the mind
has disappeared until modifications start
again. When the intellect looks at the Self it
does not see anything at all. Right under its
nose as it were exists the Self, and yet
intellect cannot perceive it until mind stops
moving. When mind stops, intellect sees the
being. When mind moves, intellect follows the
mind. As long as there is duality, the
separateness of the subject and object, there is
mental modification. So long as there is mental
modification, intellect will keep following what
is going
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Tadã Drashtuh Svarupeavasthãnam
The seer then abides In true self resides 1.3
Tadã then Drashtuh the
seer Svarupe in self Avasthãnam abides, dwells,
resides
1.3 Q What happens on cessation of mental
modifications? A You dwell in your true nature.
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What is the difference between being and not
being established in self?
INDIVIDUAL
Svarupe avasthana Beyond mind not gripped
by thought waves peaceful, serene, quiet Free
from the bonds of Pleasure pain
chain Established in the self Being the
ocean UNITY I AM
Vritti - rupe avastana Entrapped in mind gripped
by thought waves restlessness, unease, anxiety
fear, anger, frustration. Bound by dualities
of attachment and aversion Engrossed in
thoughts Becoming the waves DUALITY I AM THIS