Integrating%20Homeland%20Security%20into%20Emergency%20Management%20Courses:%20Some%20Grounding%20Concepts

1
Integrating Homeland Security into Emergency
Management Courses Some Grounding Concepts and
Some Suggested Materials and Approaches

• Paula D. Gordon, Ph.D.
• An Expanded Version of a June 5, 2008
  Presentation
• Given at the FEMA Higher Education Conference,
• Emmitsburg, Maryland
• As Modified July 12, 2009

2
An All-Hazards Approach

• A case for an all-hazards approach that
  encompasses a full range of possible hazards and
  catastrophic events that face us post 9/11 and
  post Katrina.
• The shift in Federal policy evident in the
  National Strategy for Homeland Security released
  October 5, 2007, a precursor to perspectives
  prevalent after January 20, 2009.

3
Excerpts from the National Strategy for Homeland
Security released October 5, 2007

• The following excerpt underscores dimensions of
  the challenges before us
• "While protecting the lives and livelihoods of
  the American people demands that we work to
  prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks in the
  Homeland, it also requires that we undertake
  measures to deter the threat of terrorism,
  mitigate the Nation's vulnerabilities, and
  minimize the consequences of an attack or
  disaster should it occur. Our efforts include,
  among other things, protecting our population
  from infectious diseases and catastrophic public
  health threats, as well as reducing the effects
  and consequences of all hazards through improved
  systems to notify, alert, and warn the public."

4
Excerpts from the National Strategy for Homeland
Security released October 5, 2007 (Continued)

• In the National Strategy, the need to carry out
  and "advance readiness activities" is also
  emphasized in the following way
• "There are times when we are able to
  anticipate impending or emergent events that will
  require a national response, such as an upcoming
  hurricane season, a potential pandemic, or a
  period of heightened terrorist threat."

5
Some Perspectives Concerning Emergency
ManagementAnd the Role of Homeland Security
Concerns in Emergency Management

• Is the focus of emergency management solely on
  natural hazards?
• Does the focus on emergency management include an
  all-hazards approach that encompasses terrorism
  and homeland security threats and challenges?
• Does the focus on emergency management encompass
  both an all-hazards approach and attention to
  catastrophic events?
• Does the focus on emergency management
  encompasses a goal of helping individuals develop
  the knowledge base, skill sets, and capabilities
  needed to assume and more effectively carry out
  their roles of responsibility relating to an
  all-hazards approach to emergency management?

6
Some Organizing Typologies, Concepts, and Tools

• Todd Stewarts Counter-Terrorism Strategic
  Model
• Similarities between this
  depiction
• of the homeland security
  cycle
• and the emergency management cycle
• Paula Gordons Adaptation of Todd Stewarts
  Model
• An All Hazards Emergency Management Cycle
• A Typology of Emergencies of
• Differing Levels of Severity
• The Homeland Security Impact Scale and its
• Applicability to an All-Hazards
  Approach to
• Emergency Management
• The Public Safety/National Security Grid

7
Todd Stewarts Counter-Terrorism Strategic Model
and Paula Gordons Adaptation of the Stewart
Model

• Todd Stewart's model is helpful in depicting a
• comprehensive approach to preventing as well
  as preparing for and responding to
  potential terrorist-related events.
• Stewarts model helps clarify key similarities
  and differences between the homeland security
  cycle and the emergency management cycle
• Gordons adaptation of the Stewart model focuses
  on An All Hazards Emergency Management Cycle.

8
Todd Stewarts Counter-Terrorism Strategic
Model
Identify Characterize Threats

• Recovery
• Restitution

Deterrence
Post-Event Response
Prediction
TERRORISM EVENT OR CAMPAIGN
Forensics Attribution
Prevention (Pre-emption)
Crisis Management
Mitigation (Preparation and Protection)
9
Identify, Assess, Characterize Hazards

• Recovery Restitution
• Plus Mitigation
• Preparedness Measures
• For the Future

Preparedness
Remediation, Protective Measures, Mitigation
AN ALL- HAZARDS EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Post-Event Response
Crisis Management
Contingency Planning
Event Response
Continuity of Operations Planning
Situational Awareness Assessment
When If the Event is Foreseeable or Imminent
When the Event Occurs
Paula D. Gordon, Ph.D, http//gordonhomeland.com
3/26/2009 Modeled Loosely on an Adaptation of
Todd Stewarts Counter Terrorism Strategic Model

10
A Typology of Emergencies of Differing Levels
of Severity

• A typology that is pertinent to an all-hazards
  approach to emergency management as well as to a
  natural hazards approach to emergency management
• A typology that helps clarify the differences in
  impacts of emergencies of differing levels of
  severity and the implications of those
  differences for the emergency management cycle

11
A Typology of Emergencies
Size of Emergency Number of Dead Injured Roles of Government Approach Characteristics of Care Skill Training Needs
Small Scale Scores Local, State, and Regional Surge of capa- bilities Manageable Surge capa- bility
Medium Scale Hundreds All levels of government Modified Normal to minimal Networked surge capability
Large Scale Thousands All levels of government Modified to makeshift Normal to minimal Networked surge capability
Catastrophic Scale Millions All levels of government Mostly makeshift Minimal or worse Make do capability
Mega- Catastrophe Multi-millions to billions Remaining vestiges of government Totally makeshift Minimal if existent Improvisa-tional skills
Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html ) Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html ) Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html ) Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html ) Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html ) Adapted from Paula D. Gordon " Comparative Scenario and Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina," Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2 , 2006 (http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/options/Analysis.html )
12
The Homeland Security Impact Scale Its
Applicability to an All-Hazards Approach to
Emergency Management

• The Homeland Security Impact Scale provides a
  common frame of reference that can be useful in
  considering and arriving at a consensus
  concerning the impacts of disasters.
• The Homeland Security Impact Scale provides a
  common frame of reference that can be useful in
  considering actions that can be taken to mitigate
  the impacts of disasters or emergencies of
  differing levels of severity or to address and
  help reverse them once they have occurred.

13
Homeland Security Impact Scale

• 0 -- No real impact on national security,
  economic security, or personal security
• 1 -- Local impact in areas directly affected
• 2 -- Significant impact in some areas that were
  not directly affected
• 3 -- Significant market adjustment (20 plus
  drop) some business and industries destabilized
  some bankruptcies, including increasing number of
  personal bankruptcies and bankruptcies of small
  businesses, and waning of consumer confidence
• 4 -- Economic slowdown spreads rise in
  unemployment and underemployment accompanied by
  possible isolated disruptive incidents and acts,
  increase in hunger and homelessness
• 5 -- Cascading impacts including mild recession
  isolated supply problems isolated infrastructure
  problems accompanied by possible increase in
  disruptive incidents and acts, continuing
  societal impacts

14
Homeland Security Impact Scale(Continued)

• 6 -- Moderate to strong recession or increased
  market volatility regional supply problems
  regional infrastructure problems accompanied by
  possible increase in disruptive incidents and
  acts worsening societal impacts
• 7 -- Spreading supply problems and infrastructure
  problems accompanied by possible increase in
  disruptive incidents and acts, worsening societal
  impacts, and major challenges posed to elected
  and non-elected public officials
• 8 -- Depression increased supply problems
  elements of infrastructure crippled accompanied
  by likely increase in disruptive incidents and
  acts worsening societal impacts and national
  and global markets severely impacted
• 9 -- Widespread supply problems infrastructure
  verging on collapse with both national and global
  consequences worsening economic and societal
  impacts accompanied by likely widespread
  disruptions
• 10 -- Possible unraveling of the social fabric,
  nationally and globally, jeopardizing the ability
  of governments to govern and keep the peace

15
Homeland Security Impact Scale(Continued)

• "Disruptions" and "incidents" can include
  demonstrations, work stoppages, strikes,
  organized or spontaneous vandalism, looting, and
  riots. Also included are sabotage and terrorist
  acts and attacks. (The scale and these notations
  have been adapted by Paula D. Gordon from the Y2K
  Impact Scale developed by Bruce F. Webster of
  WDCY2K and sent by him to the membership of
  WDCY2K on March 4, 1998.)
• "Supply problems" and "infrastructure problems"
  may include food shortages availability of
  potable water degradation of water purity, water
  distribution and/or waste management
  fuel/heating oil shortages, disruptions in
  utilities (power, gas, telecommunications),
  disruption in the financial sector, disruptions
  in transportation (airlines, trains, trucking,
  ports, ships) pharmaceutical shortages
  disruption of health care services or emergency
  medical services disruption of fire and public
  safety services disruptions or inadequacies, or
  overwhelming of public works operations and
  services.

16
The Public Safety/Homeland Security Grid

• A way of seeing public safety and homeland
  security as being mutually inclusive
• A balanced and integrated emphasis on both
  public safety and homeland security, not one over
  the other.

17
The Public Safety/Homeland Security Grid

• 9,1
  9,9
• Public Safety 5,5
  
• 1,1 Homeland
  Security 1,9

18
Some Selected Materials

• The following are materials, websites, videos,
  and DVDs that can be used in the development of
  courses and curricula focusing on an all-hazards
  approach to homeland security and emergency
  management. Complete references for these
  materials can be found in the Extensive List of
  References and Resources compiled by Paula D.
  Gordon and posted at http//gordonhomeland.com
  or see http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/resou
  rces.html13 
• GordonHomeland.com (http//gordonhomeland.com
  ) includes articles, reports, publications, and
  presentations on homeland security and emergency
  management and organizational, managerial,
  ethical, and educational issues. The website has
  been developed by Paula D. Gordon and is provided
  as a free public service.

19
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, Improving Homeland Security
  Critical Infrastructure Protection and Continuity
  Effortshttp//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/hsc
  ipreport.pdf  or use link at http//gordonhomeland
  .com.
• Paula D. Gordon, The Different Nature of
  Terrorism and Terrorist Threats Post 9/11and the
  Implications of These Differences use link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com or http//users.rcn.com/
  pgordon/homeland/thedifferentnatureofterrorism.htm
  .
• Paula D. Gordon, Pre- and Post-9/11
  Perspectives Understanding and Teaching about
  Differences in Perspectives Affecting Governance
  and Public Administration Post-9/11 (Publication
  pending in two parts in Ethics Today, Volume 11
  Number 1 and 2, Spring and Summer 2009) (Posted
  at GordonPost9-11.com and GordonHomeland.com.)

20
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Walid Phares, February 27, 2007 Presentation on
  Radical Extremism, C-SPAN video or DVD
• Walid Phares, Education VS Jihad, HS Today,
  November 2006
• Obsession Radical Islams War Against the
  West, a documentary, 2006. Available on DVD at
  http//obsessionthemovie.com .

21
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• David A. McEntire, Introduction to Homeland
  Security Understanding Terrorism with an
  Emergency Management Perspective, Wiley, 2009.
• Claire B. Rubin, editor, Emergency Management
  The American Experience 1900 2005, Public
  Entity Risk Institute, (http//riskinstitute.org
  ), 2007

22
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Stephen Flynn, March 27, 2007 Presentation on The
  Edge of Disaster, C-SPAN video or DVD. Also see
  CNN archives.
• Stephen Flynn, The Edge of Disaster, Random
  House, 2007
• Michael Leavitt, April 18, 2006 Presentation
  concerning pandemic flu preparedness planning,
  C-SPAN video or DVD, ID 192090 (1-877-ONCSPAN)
• Naval Postgraduate School Course Materials and
  videos on radical extremism and the resources of
  the Homeland Security Digital Library

23
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• April 2003 Frontline Program Cyberwar (PBS)
  (Also see archived program, transcript, and
  interviews online at http//www.pbs.org .) (To
  obtain a copy of this video, ID FROL-2116,
  contact PBS Video at 1-800-424-7963)
• Paula D. Gordon, "Infrastructure Threats and
  Challenges Before and After September 11, 2001".
  PA TIMES, Vol. 24, Issue 12, December
  2001. Reprinted as a commentary in the Journal of
  Homeland Security, April 16, 2002. Also posted
  at http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/homeland_
  infra.html or see link at http//gordonhomeland.c
  om .

24
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• DHS Homeland Security Advisory Council Critical
  Infrastructure Group The 1-10-2006 Report is
  available at on the DHS Homeland Security
  Advisory Council website. (To obtain a copy of
  the C-SPAN video or DVD, ID 190653, contact
  1-877-ONCSPAN.)
• Ted G. Lewis, Critical Infrastructure Protection
  in Homeland Security Defending a Networked
  Nation, Wiley-InterScience, 2006

25
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Lt. General Russel Honore, Presentation on
  Hurricane Katrina, C-SPAN video or ID 191243,
  February 13, 2006
• Lt. General Russel Honore, September 9, 2005 CNN
  transcript in which General Honore compares the
  crisis to a football game in which you cannot
  expect to win any ground in the first quarter
• Lt. General Russel Honore (Ret.) with Ron Martz,
  Survival How a Culture of Preparedness can Save
  You and Your Family from Disasters. Atria Books,
  May 2009. ISBN 978-1-4165-9900-5
• Michael Brown, Presentation on Hurricane Katrina
  and Weather Emergency Preparedness, January 18,
  2006, C-SPAN video or DVD ID 190789.
• For particularly significant insights into
  the massive challenges relating to catastrophic
  event planning, preparedness, mitigation, and
  response and the Federal approach to Hurricane
  Katrina

26
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Susan B. Glasser and Michael Grunwald,
  "Department's Mission Was Undermined From Start",
  Washington Post, December 22, 2005
• Michael Grunwald and Susan B. Glasser, "Brown's
  Turf Wars Sapped FEMA's Strength" Washington
  Post, December 23, 2005
• For extraordinary insights into the background
  Federal homeland security efforts from after 9/11
  through Hurricane Katrina

27
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, Presenter, "Improving Homeland
  Security - Continuing Challenges and
  Opportunities," transcript of Emergency
  Information Infrastructure Partnership (EIIP)
  Virtual Forum, March 24, 2004. Posted at
  http//gordonhomeland.com.
• Paula D. Gordon, "Transforming and Leading
  Organizations," (Examples from disaster
  management.) (Posted at http//gordonhomeland.com
  . Also published in Government Transformation, Win
  ter 2004-05 issue.

28
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, "Capabilities and Skills Needed
  by Those in New Roles of Responsibility for
  Homeland Security at the Federal, State, and
  Local Levels of Government." Posted at
  http//gordonhomeland.com and published in the PA
  TIMES, Vol. 28, Issue 3, March 2005 (a
  publication of the American Society for Public
  Administration).
• Paula D. Gordon, "Comparative Scenario and
  Options Analysis Important Tools for Agents of
  Change Post 9/11 and Post Hurricane Katrina,"
  Homeland Security Review, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2006.
  Posted at http//gordonhomeland.com or
  http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/optionsAnaly
  sis.html.

29
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, "Public Administration in the
  Public Interest Thoughts About Public
  Administration Post September 11, 2001". Posted
  at http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/public_ad
  ministration_in_the_pub.html or see link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com
• Paula D. Gordon, "The 9/11 Commission as an
  Incident Debriefing" May 18, 2004. Posted at
  http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/911debriefin
  g.pdf or see link at http//gordonhomeland.com.

30
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, The Homeland Security Impact
  Scale  An Alternative Approach toAssessing
  Homeland Security and Critical Infrastructure
  Protection Efforts and a Frame of Reference for
  Understanding and Addressing Current
  Challengeshttp//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/
  thehomelandsecurityimpactscale.htm or use link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com .
• Paula D. Gordon, Strategic Planning and Y2K
  Technology ChallengesLessons and Legacies for
  Homeland Securityhttp//users.rcn.com/pgordon/ho
  meland/homeland_strat.html or use link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com .

31
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, Using E-Technology to Advance
  Homeland Security Effortshttp//users.rcn.com/pgo
  rdon/homeland/etechnology.html or use link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com .
• Paula D. Gordon, A Common Goal for Contingency
  Planning and Management, Emergency Management,
  and Homeland Security Building a Disaster
  Resilient Nation http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/ho
  meland/CommonGoal.html or use link at
  http//gordonhomeland.com .
• Paula D. Gordon, "Key Challenges for the Future
  of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
  Education," PA TIMES, Vol. 31, Issue 8, August
  2008. (The PA TIMES is a publication of the
  American Society for Public Administration.)
  (Posted at GordonHomeland.com) 
• Paula D. Gordon, Some Conceptual Tools for
  Understanding and Addressing Catastrophic
  Challenges As Well As Other Lesser Emergencies,
  June 15, 2009 (Posted at GordonPost9-11.com and
  GordonHomeland.com.)

32
Some Selected Materials (Continued)

• Paula D. Gordon, "The State of Emergency
  Management and Homeland Security," PA TIMES, Vol.
  30, Issue 8, August 2007. Also posted at
  http//gordonhomeland.com or see or
  http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/stateofEM.ht
  ml .
• Paula D. Gordon (compiler) "List of Selected
  Homeland Security References and Resources
  (Extensive List) (http//gordonhomeland.com or
  http//users.rcn.com/pgordon/homeland/resources.ht
  ml13 ) This list includes seventeen categories
  of information, including URLs for websites and
  portals relevant to homeland security and
  emergency management.

33
Contact Information Websites

• Paula D. Gordon, Ph.D.
• Educator/Analyst/Writer/Consultant
• E-Mail pgordon_at_erols.com
• Websites http//gordonhomeland.com
• http//GordonPost9-11.com
• http//www.jhu.edu/pgordon

34

•                                                   
                                                    
                    
• Paula D. Gordon is an educator,
  consultant, analyst, and writer. She has also
  served in a variety of capacities in the Federal
  government, including staff officer, policy
  analyst, and special projects director for a wide
  range of Federal agencies and Departments. She
  has an extensive background in several domestic
  policy arenas including drug abuse prevention,
  emergency management, and homeland security. Her
  websites at http//GordonDrugAbusePrevention.com
  and http//gordonhomeland.com include her
  articles, reports, publications, and
  presentations on drug abuse prevention and on
  emergency management and homeland security
  respectively. Her doctoral dissertation, Public
  Administration in the Public Interest (posted at
  http//www.jhu.edu/pgordon) focuses on complex
  societal problem solving and governmental change.
  She is based in Washington, D.C. E-mail
  pgordon_at_erols.com.
•                                                   
                  
  
• http//gordonhomeland.com
•  Return to Paula Gordon's Homeland Security Page
  
•