GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK DISTRICT Engineering Group of the Geological Society Fie

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
DISTRICTEngineering Group of the Geological
Society Field visit 23rd 25th June 2005

• John C Cripps
• Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
• University of Sheffield

j.c.cripps_at_sheffield.ac.uk Tel [phone]
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Peak District National Park

• Geography
• Geology
• Engineering geology
• Land instability
• Quarrying
• Mining
• Dams and reservoirs
• Other issues

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Peak District National Park

• Created in 1951
• First National Park in UK (10 in 1950s)
• Upland areas of scenic value
• Mainly rural with farming, forestry, quarrying,
  water catchment and tourism
• Area of 1438 square km (555 square miles)
• Population of 38,000 residents
• Mostly in villages, but also some towns (eg
  Bakewell)
• Buxton Whaley Bridge and Glossop excluded.

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Peak District National Park

• 30 million visits per year
• Popularity surpassed only by Mt Fuji National
  Park, Japan
• 17 million people live within 60 miles of park
• Packhorse tracks
• Roads Toll roads in early 19th C A6, A621,
  A625, A57, A628, A635
• Railways Trans Pennine routes, now Sheffield
  Manchester via Edale, Buxton

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Peak District National Park Authority

• Local Planning and Mineral Planning Authorities
• Representatives of County, District and Borough
  Councils and central Government
• Funding about 50 from Government grants, 50
  from local taxes and charges
• Aim to promote sustainable development and
  conservation
• Improve the quality of life without consuming
  limited resources
• Aim to balance needs of locals, visitors and
  national interests (eg in terms of minerals
  supplies).

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OFTHE PEAK
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Geology
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• At southern end of the Pennine Hills
• Sequence of mainly Carboniferous rocks with
  Permo-Triassic and later rocks to W, E and S
• North- south trending anticlinal structure

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Derbyshire dome formed from re-excavated platform
  area
• Subsidiary N-S tending folds on limbs of
  anticline
• Faulted contacts to west, gentle unconformity to
  east
• East-west and ENE-WSW trending faulting
• Mineral rakes and pipes follow same trends

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Oldest formations are Lower Carboniferous
• Base not exposed boreholes show at least 500m
  limestones
• Basement consists of cleaved lower Palaeozoic
  volcanic rocks.

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Carboniferous Limestone (gt500m)

• Limestones mainly thickly bedded bioclastic
  deposits with crinoids, corals, bivalves,
  brachiopods with well defined bedding.
• Interbedded clay wayboards due to volcanic
  activity
• Some fine grained, dark coloured limestone formed
  in deep water conditions
• Edges of platform area fringed by fossiliferous,
  rubbley, reef limestones.
• Some reef formation in the platform area

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Limestone at outcrop

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Reef Limestone (Winnats Pass, near Castleton)

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Igneous rocks (lavas, tuffs, dolerite and basalt)

Cavedale lava
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Millstone Grit Formation gt900m
• The lower parts of this sequence consist of fine
  grained, dark coloured shale mudrocks lying
  unconformably over the limestone
• In placed there are beds of siltstone, limastone
  and sideritic mudstone
• This sequence passes laterally or upwards into
  the Mam Tor Beds or the Shale Grit
• These consist of interlayered greywacke sandstone
  and mudstones in a rhythmic, turbiditic sequences
• The Shale Grit is overlain by a sequence of thick
  coarse grained arkosic sandstones Kinderscout,
  Chatsworth Grits interbedded with thick beds of
  shale.

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• BGS Holiday Geology Leaflet Satellite image
• Brown Coarse grained sst
• Green Shales over lain by sandstones and shales
• Blue Limestone
• Red Igneous
• Yellow - Faults
• Grey - Urban

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• BGS Holiday Geology Leaflet Satellite image
• Brown Coarse grained sst
• Green Shales over lain by sandstones and shales
• Blue Limestone
• Red Igneous
• Yellow - Faults
• Grey - Urban

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• Chatsworth Sst, Mam Tor Beds Edale Shale

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Coal Measures lt1500m

• The lower Carboniferous sequence is overlain by
  the Lower, Middle and Upper Coal Measures
• Small area of Coal Measures in west of Peak
  District, but important east and west of area
• Cyclothemic sequence of mudstones, siltstones,
  sandstones and coal seams.
•   

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Besides coal gansister, seatearth and
  ironstone are also present and exploited
•   There are about 30 cycles, representing
  variable water level conditions in a deltaic
  environment.
•   Not all parts of the typical cyclothem are
  present.

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Post Carboniferous

• Presumably the Peak District was overlain by
  some kilometres of later deposits
• Uplift in Tertiary times
• Landscape is closely linked to the geology
• Hydrothermal mineralisation galena,
  fluorspar, barites, zinc blende
• Mainly in limestone and capped by shales and
  igneous rocks

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Permo-Triassic

• Permian consists of sequence of marls and
  dolomitic limestones formed in inland basins.
• There is a basal conglomerate in places and
  reddening of the top of the Carboniferous near
  the unconformity Landscape is closely linked to
  the geology.
• To the east, the sequence continues with Triassic
  Sherewood Sst and Mercia Mst, which were formed
  under hot dry terrestrial conditions

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Quaternary

•      Formation of head, solifluction deposits,
  hill peat and some loess
• Lake District erratics present in west of Peak
  district and Pennine Drift in Derwent Valley
•     Valley bulging and scarp cambers
•    Landsliding of over-steepened slopes
  associated with periods of high rainfall
•    Alluvium deposited in river valleys

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Distinctive Landscapes White Peak

• Dissected plateau with dales and rolling
  countryside
• Area characterised grazing pastureland surrounded
  by limestone walls
• Some coppices and trees on steeper valley sides
  land
• Drainage mainly underground but some rivers
  developed where igneous rocks and mudrocks impede
  vertical drainage
• Mineral workings for galena, fluorspar etc, shale
  and limestone
• In past also marble, chert etc

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Bluejohn Calcite
GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Fluorspar Galena
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Dark Peak

• Main Plateau formed on Kinderscout Grit and other
  sandstone units
• Peat covered moorland with tors sheep grazing
  and grouse shooting
• Steep sided valleys forming areas of woodland and
  pasture
• Thick sequences of shales eroded into major
  valleys (eg Derwent Valley)
• Easterly and westerly dipping sandstone beds give
  rise to dramatic scarp features know locally as
  edges
• Quarrying for millstones and grinding stones and
  building stone

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Dark Peak scenery Gritstone edges with heather
  and bracken covered moors

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Engineering geology

• Landslides
• Dams and Reservoirs
• Quarrying
• Mining
• Industrial legacy

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Landsliding

• Most are rotational in form
• Subsidiary parts have translational slides and
  rockfall activity
• Many in steep valleys formed in sandstone and
  shale sequences of Millstone Grit
• Upper part of slope (scarp) in sandstone and
  lower part in mudrocks
• Some formed in limestone mudrock sequences

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Landslidding and rockfallss Significant problem
  for roads eg A625, A57, A628, dams and reservoirs
  (eg Ladybower) where instability easily reactived
• Some solifluction deposits

Some rockfalls on steep limestone and sandstone
cliffs and edges, especially where over-steepened
by cambering, erosion or exc-avation (eg A57, as
shown)
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Examples of landslides
• Mam Tor
• Alport Castles

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Noteable landslides

•     Mam Tor led in 1978 to the closure of the
  A625
•    Ashop Valley need for frequent maintenance
  to the A57
•    Alport Castles reputedly largest inland
  landslide in UK
•     Longdendale Valley Barnsley to Manchester
  railway line (now closed)
•     Rushup Edge and Edale Valley Many
  impressive landslides

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• Mam Tor - plan view

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Mam Tor

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Mam Tor Back scarp in Mam Tor Beds, Damage to
  road and Movements vectors (0.5m/yr)

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Mam Tor Blacketlay Barn (pushed over in 1983)
  Seep-ages on toe area, Information board

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Dams and Reservoirs

• High rainfall and present of lower permeability
  mudrocks gives rise to good prospects for water
  storage
• Large cities adjacent to and south of Pennines
  supplied
• Noteable structures include the Derwent Dams
  (Howdon, Derwent and Ladybower Reservoirs),
  Carsington Reservoir pump storage system, and
  tens of smaller dams

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Derwent Dam 1916
• Masonry.
• Valley bulge features
• Cut-off trench 12m deep by 2m wide plus wing
  walls

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Ladybower Dam 1944
• Embankment
• Cut-off up to 76m

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Major failure of Dale Dyke Dam, Sheffield in
  1864, resulted in 270 deaths, the destruction of
  798 houses and much other damage.
• Failure of Carsington Dam in 1984, when nearing
  completion

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Carsington
• Shale fill with limestone drainage layers
• Loss of strength
• Compaction shears
• Solifluction shears
• Pyrite oxidation
• Acid generation
• 2 asphixiated in manhole
• Concrete attack

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Sheffield flood 1864
• -Dale Dyke dam near Bradfield
• - Embankment 95ft with puddle clay core

279 killed Damage 327,000
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Mining

• Lead important since Roman times, with a peak of
  production in early 18th C
• Minerals galena, zinc blende, fluorspar, calcite
• 10,000 employed in industry at peak
• Last mine reportedly closed in 1938
• Noteable presence of lead tolerant plants on
  rakes and tips
• Danger to animals due to poisoning and collapse

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Galena Odin Rake (mineral vien removed by mining
Mining

•  

Mineralised veins in Peak District
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Mining

• Worked by surface and underground methods with
  extensive use of pumping and drainage soughs to
  control water
• Some processing of old tips, now finished

•  

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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•  

Fluorspar - Milldam Mine, Gt Hucklow Open
workings
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Fluorspar

• 98 of present UK production from Peak District
• Major surface (eg Longstone Edge) and
  underground workings (eg Milldam Mine)
• New permissions linked to restoration but some
  small
• scale workings tolerated
• Mineral processing at Cavendish Mill, Stoney
  Middleton.
• Castleton area famous for
• Bluejohn which is worked into
• very attractive decorative vases,
• bowls and jewellery

•  

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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•  

Milldam Mine Backfilling of workings
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Cavendish Mill near Stony Middleton,
DerbysFluorspar processing waste
These lagoons provide a body of water in an area
where such features are rare and benefit ecology
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Other resources

•  

• Fireclay
• Marble
• Chert
• Oil and gas
• Silica sand
• Water local wells and Buxton water

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Quarrying

• Limestone 6.1 million tonnes in 1993 -
  roadstone and concrete aggregate, iron, steel and
  chemical industries, agriculture and cement (2
  major works)
• Sandstone about 12 small quarries - now for
  building stone
• Basalt and dolerite eg Carlton Hill subsequently
  used for landfill
• Pressure to reduce limestone production
• Restoration of quarrying sites
•  

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Limestone Mine at Middleton by Wirksworth

•  

Surface subsidence effects
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Quarrying

•  

Crich Hope
Locations of limestone quarries
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Hope Valley Cement Works

• Opened in 1929, modernised in 1960s to use dry
  process with heat exchange tower
• Works on unconformity between Carboniferous
  Limestone and Edale Shale
• Fuelled by coal which is brought in by train, now
  burning tyres and other replacement fuels
• Present planning permission envisages
  continuation to 2032
• Recent planning permission to increase production
  to supply south east England by rail, requires
  construction of new sidings

•  

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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Restoration plans

•  

Jerrico plan for restoration (1943) Restored
shale pits now landscaped and flooded Recently
waste material landscaped and planted to conceal
entrance to quarry Present plan envisages a
steep-sided valley feature with grassy slopes,
scree and trees Some faces used in restoration
blasting trails, along with faces at Tunstead
Quarry
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Restoration plans

•  

Jerrico plan for restoration (1943) Restored
shale pits now landscaped and flooded Recently
waste material landscaped and planted to conceal
entrance to quarry Present plan envisages a steel
sided valley feature with grassy slopes, scree
and trees Some faces used in restoration
blasting trails, along with faces at Tunstead
Quarry
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OFTHE PEAK
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Hope Cement Works
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Hope Quarry Jellico Plan (1943) for 1993
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OFTHE PEAK
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Hope Quarry present restoration plans
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Eldon Hill Quarry
Operated by RMC and supplied aggregates. In a
prominent hill-side location Company plans for
restoration, which envisaged small extension to
area of extraction, were rejected by
planners Restoration consists of landscaping of
plant area and screening of quarry with planting
and creation of a lagoon A very high quarry face
remains, with obvious problems in terms of
long-term hazard and poor appearance

•  

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Eldon Hill Quarry
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• The Reclamation of Limestone
• Quarries by Landform Simulation
• 1979 Selective blasting pioneered by Neil
  Humphries
• 1987 the Limestone Research Group (LRG) carried
  out initial trials of restoration blasting
• 1988 DoE commissioned LRG Landform
  Replication as a Technique for the
  Reclamation of Limestone Quarries
• 1993 Geoffrey Walton Practice assessed and
  monitored the stability of the rock faces and
  screes
• 1998 DETR commissioned ECUS to assess the
  success of trial sites created by LRG at
  Hope and Tunstead Quarries
• 2003 MIRO (ODPM) commissioned University of
  Sheffield to report on reclamation of hard rock
  quarries

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Environmental Impacts of Quarries

• Landscape Design to Reduce Impact

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The Reclamation of Limestone Quarries by
Landform Simulation

• Experimental Restoration Blasting
• rock faces
• scree
• grassy slopes
• buttress features
• trees

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Trees Headwall Buttress Grass slope

• Landform created by
• restoration blasting

Model daleside
Trees Buttress Headwall Scree Grass slope
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Experimental restoration blasting

• Original rock face
• Rock features (eg buttress/headwall)
• Planted trees
• Vegetated cover material

Blastpile (scree) Toe of original rock face
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Trial site RB14
Hope Quarry
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RB14 Hope Quarry Date of blast 1990
Face height 25-30m Cover material over
scree rejects Face length 90m Hydroseeded
1990 Tree planting 1990/91
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RB8/9 Tunstead Quarry Date of blast 1989
Face height c.20m Cover material over
scree Face length 150m Hydroseeded 1990 Tree
planting 1990
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Tunstead Quarry restoration blast faces rock
falls
RB14 Open factures at top of faces Blast
fractured rock in RB5
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Tunstead Quarry restoration blast faces rock
falls
Face parallel open joints in headwalls and
buttresses
RB15 RB4
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Tunstead Quarry restoration blast faces rock
falls
RB4 (corner buttress). (14/06/00) .
RB8/9 (21/11/98)
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Landscape
Foreground viewpoint
-
RB14 Hope Quarry
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• Vegetation cover sparce due to rabbit grazing

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• Influence of exclosures

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Hindered by lack of soil and aftercare
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Some success at Hope
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Legacy of Mining and Industry

•       
• Acid Mine drainage
• Contaminated land
• Industrial dereliction
• Rock slope stability

•  

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Acid Mine Drainage
May not be acid, depending on neutralisation of
acid in rock mass Main problems are ochre
precipitation, de-oxygenation and heavy metal
mobilisation Due to oxidation of pyrite which can
be aided by bacteria Pyrite is a common
constituent of dark coloured mudrocks Rising
groundwaters gives rise to more problems
       
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• Acid mine drainage waters
• FeS2 O H2 O ---gt H2 SO2 Fe oxides
• H2 SO2 CaCO3 ---gt Ca SO4 H2O CO2
• May not be acid
• Heavy metals mobilised, deleted O2 and ochre
•  

Pyrite (fools gold) in slate Commonly occurs in
dark coloured shales and mudstones (black and
very fine grained)
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OFTHE PEAK
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•      Significant issue at Mam Tor, Carsington and
  discharges from flooded coal workings on the
  exposed coalfield.
•   Reduced shear strength of mudrock due to rapid
  breakdown
•  Production of gypsum leading to the widening of
  joints, may lead to foundation heave.
•  Production of CO2 leading to deaths of workers
  at Carsington

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•  Mam Tor,

Carsington
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Acid Mine Drainage

• Lower water table during mining
• Availability of oxygen
• Water flow through flooded workings picks up
  oxidation products
• Continued oxidation of pyrite
• Oxidation assisted by sulphate reducing bacteria
• Groundwater rise leads to pollution to
  groundwaters and surface waters

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Pollution to River Drone

• Ochre pollution in streams

• Rising groundwaters in old mines flush out
  oxidation products

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Pollution to River Drone
Lower pH and choking of biota
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Limb Brook Seepage number 1 (2004)Tributary to
R. Sheaf
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Rock slopes in urban development sites (former
quarries)
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Former quarries in Sheffield, now used as retail
areas
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• Solly Street, Sheffield
• Students evacuated

Due to collapse of retaining wall during
demolition of factory
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Failure of road cutting in dipping sandstone -
mudstone sequence
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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Land instability at Bolsover

• Magnesian Limestone escarpment
• Mining subsidence ? Leaking pipes ?
• Groundwater rise ? Natural instability

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Land instability at Bolsover Loss of 4 houses
plus damage to castle and houses
101
Mining subsidence main causes with collapse of
pillar and stall workings

• Void migration
• Pillar collapse
• Floor and/or roof punching

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Void migration (main process of collapse)

• Old gallery seen in open cast coal mine

Formation of crown hole
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Collapses in Barnsley Seam

• Gallery

Crown hole
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• House in Chesterfield affected by subsidence

Failure of one pillar by collapse or punching
puts additional load on adjacent pillars which
may fail leading to subsidence of an area of the
surface (see later for effects of removal of
support)
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Sheaf Street, Bus station and Railway Station
Recorded old coal workings

• Old mine workings underlie Hallam
  University, Bus Station Ponds Forge and Don
  Valley at various depths . Workings stretch right
  across the area north (to right) of the Station

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Contaminated land at the Avenue site,
Chesterfield former coke/gas works with tar
logoon
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Orgreave coke works c1980

• Waste from gas and
• coke works
• Smog (smoke fog)
• Acid rain

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Aspects of reclamation and restoration of
brownfield sites

• Orgreave colliery and coke plant (c. 1980)

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Colliery spoil disposal
Aspects of reclamation and restoration of
brownfield sites
Combustion Acid water
drainage Lack of vegetation Ugly
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Burnt Shale in Spoil Tip
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Excavation and backfill

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Open casting
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Diversion of River Rother
Aspects of reclamation and restoration of
brownfield sites
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Orgreave Lined landfill
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Orgreave restoration plan commercial,
residential and leisure development including
lakes and walks
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Welbeck landfill and reclamation
Income from waste disposal providing means to
reclaim area
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GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY OF THE PEAK
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• Any questions ?