Time and Stress Management

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Time and Stress Management
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What Is Stress?

• Stress
• Psychological, Emotional, Physiological Response
• Stressors
• Threatening Environmental Conditions

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Why Is StressManagement Important?

• Organizational Costs
• Individual Costs
• Health Impairment
• Job Burnout
• Performance Decline

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Exhibit 6.1 Relationship BetweenStress and Job
Performance
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Stress in Canada
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The most stressful jobs

• 1. US President 176.6
• 2. Firefighter 110.9
• 3. Senior executive 108.6
• 12. Public relations 78.5
• 16. Advertising account executive 74.6
• 20. Stockbroker 71.7
• 42. Advertising sales 59.9
• 50. College Professor 54.2
• 103. Market research analyst 42.1
• 104. Personnel 41.8
• 173. Accountant 31.1
• 245. Actuary 20.2

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Some facts

• 25 of white collar workers and 40 of blue
  collar workers had a stress-related absence in
  1998 at a cost of 12 billion
• One in three Canadians bet 25-44 claims to be a
  workaholic
• The rate of physical and psychological assaults
  on women in the workplace is 19 higher in Canada
  than in the US. For men the rate is 400 higher.

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Experiencing stress
STRESSORS Anticipatory, Encounter,Time,
Situational
REACTIONS Physiological, Psychological

RESILIENCY Physical Psychological Social
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Exhibit 6.2 Model of the Stress Management
Process
Potential Stressors Personal Factors Family
problems Financial problems Health
problems Organizational Factors High stress
occupation Job role Overload Under-utilization Rol
e ambiguity Role conflict Responsibility for
others Job Environment Poor working
conditions Organizational politics Poor work
relationships Environmental Factors Economic
Uncertainty Technological Change Politics
Experienced Stress (SYMPTOM AWARENESS)
Consequences Psychological Heart
Disease Ulcers Headaches Emotional Anxiety Depres
sion Burnout Behavioral Aggression Productivity A
voidance Successful Coping High self esteem Goal
accomplishment Feeling of well being
Stress Management Individual Seek help Time
management Change jobs Build resiliency Personalit
y Companionship Experience Health (Exercise,
diet) Relaxation Recreation Organizational Job
Design Selection Placement Training
Mentoring Team Building Employee
Assistance Communicating Wellness Promotion
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Managing Stress Objectives

• Becoming Aware of Negative Stress Symptoms
• Determining the Sources
• Determining the Cause
• And then
• Cope temporarily with the stress
• Eliminate stressors
• Develop resiliency

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How Can Awareness of Stress Symptoms Be Enhanced?

• Physical Symptoms
• Psychological Substitutes

Never Rarely Sometimes Often
Always Constant fatigue
Low energy level
Recurring headaches
Gastrointestinal disorders
Bad breath
Sweaty hands or feet
Dizziness High
blood pressure
Pounding heart
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Sources of Stress

• Major Organizational Stressors
• High-stress Occupations
• Job Role
• Interpersonal Relationships
• Major Personal Stressors
• Family Problems
• Financial Problems
• Health Problems
• Personality
• Major Environmental Stressors
• Economic Uncertainty
• Political Uncertainties
• Technological Change

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Types of Stressors Causes

• Time
• Encounter
• Situational
• Anticipatory

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Managing Stress
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Resiliency

• Physiological
• Cardiovascular conditioning
• Proper diet
• Social
• Supportive relations
• Mentors
• teamwork

• Psychological
• Balanced lifestyle
• Hardy personality
• Small wins strategy
• Relaxation techniques

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Short term strategies

• Reframing
• Imagery

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Types of stressors and what we can do about them

• Time Stressors
• Work overload
• Lack of control
• Elimination Strategies
• Principles of time management
• Delegation

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Eliminating time stressorsTime management

• Effective time management can enable managers to
  gain control over their time and organize their
  fragmented, chaotic environment.

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Effective time management means

• Spending time on important, not just urgent
  matters
• Distinguishing clearly between importance and
  urgency
• Focusing on results not methods
• Not feeling guilty when saying no

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Effective time management
URGENCY High Low
High
IMPORTANCE
Low
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80/20 Rule
Activities Time Spent Results Trivial
80 20 Vital 20 80
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Efficient time management

• Too little time too much to do
• How do I get more done?

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Schedule

• Schedule Activities
• Horizontal Scheduling
• Vertical Scheduling
• Directing and Controlling

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Rules

• Read selectively
• Make lists
• Everything in its place
• Prioritize
• Multitask the routine
• Discretionary task jar
• Divide up the big jobs
• Critical 20
• Best time for important jobs
• Arrange non-interrupted time

• Dont procrastinate
• Keep track of time
• Set deadlines
• Use waiting time
• Designate time for busy work
• Closure on one thing a day
• Schedule personal time
• Limit worry time
• Long term objectives
• Continuous improvement

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Tips for managers

• Hold routine meetings at end of day
• Set time limit
• Hold meetings only if needed
• Agendas, minutes
• Start on time
• Paper work decisions
• Organize
• Limit interruptions

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• Delegate
• Empowerment allow for initiative
• Give credit to those who deserve it

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Types of stressors and what we can do about them

• Encounter Stressors
• Role Conflicts
• Issue
• Interaction
• Elimination Strategies
• Delegation
• Interpersonal skills
• Conflict resolution
• Resilience
• Social support Collaboration
• Self awareness
• EQ

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Types of stressors and what we can do about them

• Situational Stressors
• Unfavourable working conditions
• Rapid change
• Elimination Strategies
• Work redesign
• Changing jobs
• Short term Strategies
• resiliency

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Work redesign

• Level of task demand
• Level of autonomy (individual control
  discretion)
• Level of interest
• Feedback

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Types of stressors and what we can do about them

• Anticipatory Stressors
• Unpleasant expectations
• Fear
• Elimination Strategies
• Time management
• Priorities planning
• Short term strategies
• Resiliency

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Stress and Self awareness

• Values
• Attitude towards change
• Cognitive style
• Interpersonal orientation

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There is more to life than increasing its
speed.

• Mahatma Gandhi