International Panorama of Electromobility R&D

1
International Panorama of Electromobility RD

• Jean-Charles Jacquemin
• FUNDP (Namur)
• March 31st 2011
• (Presentation version March 30 2011)

2
Presentation

• What panorama ? Reminder
• Panorama 1 Main trends and synthetic results
• Conclusions
• Access to the knowledge base via Inet

3
1. What panorama ?

• Reminder
• Global vision and  holistic  survey
• given interactions between
• Techniques
• Managerial aspects
• Sociopolitical aspects
• Economic issues
• Difficulties exponential growth of the number
  of relevant informations this slideshow is a
  summary of summaries of

4
Answer

• Creation of a
• Content Management System (CMS) to structure
• a knowledge base.
• Access to this CMS via Internet for the Be.eV
  members (see 4. infra)

5
2. Panorama 1 Main Trends Synthetic Results
6
Technology (1/68)

• Electricity storage

7
Trend 1

• A confirmation of significative progresses in
  battery capacities (and a correlative decrease in
  their cost) (cf P0) but also a growing interest
  for hybridization with supercapacitors to get
  bacitors, the best of both worlds

8
Trend 2

• New technologies (3D nanostructures, solid
  state, printing, ) to increase the energy
  density, the charge/discharge efficiency,

9
Technology (3/68)

• Electricity storage Batteries (1/8)
• From Tesla CEO Elon Musk
• Batteries Arent The Future
• Progress in specific energy
• 1. The specific energy of EVs batteries increases
  
• Targets to be verified in several prototypes
  (Saab epower, Mazda Axela, , etaxis, ) include
  a projected driving range of 200 kilometers
  through the use of high density energy storage in
  lithium-ion battery cells.
• As an example Envia Systems (link) states that
  By putting more energy in each battery, the
  number of batteries required decreases by 50
  in Envias case, dramatically reducing the
  overall cost of the application..

10
Technology (4/68)

• Electricity storage Batteries (2/8)
• Significative Progress in (dis)charging time of
  batteries
• 2. The use of 3D nano structures to  give
  capacitor-like power with battery-like energy.
  "Braun, a professor of materials science and
  engineering at the University of Illinois at
  Urbana-Champaign, states  "Most capacitors store
  very little energy. They can release it very
  fast, but they can't hold much. Most batteries
  store a reasonably large amount of energy, but
  they can't provide or receive energy rapidly.
  This does both."
• Braun's group wraps a thin film into
  three-dimensional structure, achieving both high
  active volume (high capacity) and large current.
  (link)
• They have demonstrated battery electrodes that
  can charge or discharge in a few seconds, 10 to
  100 times faster than equivalent bulk electrodes,
  yet can perform normally in existing devices.

11
Trend 3

• Propositions and business moves to decrease the
  cost of batteries Second life market and Large
  scale stationary electricity storage.

12
Technology (5/68)

• Electricity storage Batteries (3/8)
• Markets for the Second life of batteries
• 3. Second life of batteries  ENERDEL partners
  with ITOCHU for a second smart grid project in
  apartment building in Tokoyama, with the intent
  to develop a secondary market to lower battery
  costs for automotive buyers (p.34 in link)
• This development of a secondary market is
  considered as very important to decrease the TOC
  of Evs. (See also recycling) As well as

13
Technology (6/68)
Electricity storage Batteries (4/8)
Stationary storage to decrease the costs and
increase efficiency 4. The addition of a robust
stationary energy storage market offers the
opportunity to drive down the unit cost for
mobile energy storage. This is a trend that
encompasses two different market areas
(automotive and electrical power) that could be
mutually beneficial.  (link) Several scientific
congresses have concluded that specific policies
should focus on this trend and encourage large
scale stationary storage to decrease (trough
economies of scale) the battery costs while
allowing a better management of renewable
electricity sources. (link)
14
Trend 4

• Prototypical metal-air batteries close to the
  energy density that petroleum products currently
  provide.

15
Technology (7/68)
Electricity storage Batteries (5/8)
Metal-air better than fossil fuels ? 5. An
ever increasing interest on metal-air batteries
The look forward came at the 10X Advanced
Battery R D Conference held in Santa Clara,
California, January 10 12. The Metal-Air
batteries offer some phenomenal energy densities
(hence the 10X conference title) that could
significantly increase the range and bring down
the cost of on-board energy storage for future
electric vehicles. An example was presented of a
100kg battery pack that could provide enough
energy for a 700km range. Mobile applications
of Metal-air batteries are very attractive as
they come close to the energy density that
petroleum products currently provide.  (link) (to
compare to the DBM data with a LMP battery).
16
Trend 5

• Practical progresses in battery recycling but a
  political question about the rent distribution
  between the manufacturer, the consumer and the
  recycler.

17
Technology (8/68)
Electricity storage Batteries (6/8)
Recycling the closed loop and the rent
distribution problem 6. A new value chain and a
rent distribution problem Through their
partnership Tesla and Umicore (se also new
partnerships) intend to "take the lead in
developing a closed loop battery recycling
system" As stated by Tesla Umicores factory
plants are able to recycle our batteries into
completely reusable materials and substantially
reduce the carbon footprint of manufacturing
Lithium-ion batteries. The Umicore battery
recycling technology is able to save at least 70
percent on CO2 emissions at the recovery and
refining of these valuable metals. (). This is
not only an attractive process for Tesla from an
environmental aspect, but it also provides a high
margin of return. (link) So, who has paid for
the new battery ? Is he paid for the true value
of its used battery ?
18
Trend 6

• Research on batteries is federating in the US
  and EU with precise progress objectives.

19
Technology (9/68)

• Electricity storage Batteries (7/8)
• Research (1/2) In the US
• Fundamental research on batteries is now on
  track as an example the Batteries for Advanced
  Transportation Technologies (BATT) Program is the
  premier fundamental research program in the U.S.
  for developing high-performance. It proceeds by
  quarterly reports of progress towards milestones
  themselves based on the USABC goals. LBNL to
  Chair 4th Symposium on Energy Storage Beyond Li
  Ion at PNNL
• June 7-9, 2011 (link)

20
Technology (10/68)

• Electricity storage Batteries (8/8)
• Research (2/2) and in the EU
• The creation in Europe of a battery research
  consortium under the project  SOMABAT.  
• Numerous partners, among them Umicore and
  University of Liège, will investigate ways to
  produce working prototype lithium polymer
  batteries with the primary goals set to decrease
  environmental impact, increase stability and
  enhance performance.
• The 36 month project, is aspiring to produce a
  battery with an energy density of up to 220 Wh/kg
  and a final cost less than 208/kWh (150/kWh),
  incorporating recyclable solid components.
• The European Commission is supplying 5.1
  million (3.7 million) of the total 7 million
  (5.04 million) project cost. (link)

21
Technology (11/68)

• Electricity storage Fuel Cells
• New tests
• 1.  Mercedes has announced that its B-class
  F-Cell will be driven around the world to promote
  hydrogen fuel cell powered cars. (link)
• 2. Fuel-cell etrucks are tested in California.
  (link). As well as transit buses like the
  Proterra bus (infra).

22
Technology (12/68)

• Electricity storage Other devices Carbide
  derived carbon(1/3)
• 1. "Skeleton Technologies, an energy-storage
  start-up based in Tartu, Estonia, has been
  awarded a US patent on its nanoporous carbon
  powder supercapacitor material.  (link1)
• Today, the energy density and maximum power of
  Skeleton Technologies' ultracapacitors reach 13
  Wh/L and 70 kW/L respectively roughly a 50
  higher energy density and 4 higher power
  density.
• The technology permits to deliver the same
  performance as competition, but at a lower price
  and in a smaller, more compact form-factor.
  Today, the price of quality carbon is USD 20/kg
  the target price for a superior performance
  carbide-derived carbon is USD 10/kg.
• The supercapacitors have passed initial tests by
  industry experts and major corporations and
  Skeleton Technologies plans to enter production
  for the market by 2013."

23
Technology (13/68)

• Electricity storage Other devices Bacitors
  (supercabatteries), etc. (2/3)
• 2.  Taiyo Yuden in Japan and others have
  recently announced lithium bacitors with improved
  properties. (link) 
• Combining the strength of lithium-ion secondary
  batteries with conventional Electric Double Layer
  Capacitors (EDLC)s, this next-generation energy
  device offers an energy density 4 to 10 times
  greater than EDLCs.
• Taiyo Yuden's Hybrid LIC (Cylindrical Lithium
  Ion Capacitor) boasts the key features of
  batteries (high voltage and high energy) while
  maintaining the traditional characteristics of
  capacitors (rapid charge/discharge, high
  durability, safety and environmental
  friendliness).

24
Technology (14/68)

• Electricity storage Other devices
  Solid-state. (3/3)
• Planar Energy is one such company who has
  produced a solid state battery to rival
  traditional li-ions.  
• This advanced solid-state battery technology has
  three times the energy density of current li-ion
  batteries, costing less than half the price per
  kilowatt-hour.
• The researchers have confirmed that (...) the
  inorganic, solid state materials used by Planar
  create a stable, longer-lasting unit than
  convential Li-Ion batteries. The company says
  that Streaming Protocol for Electroless
  Electrochemical Deposition (SPEED) is "a
  low-cost, high-speed, roll-to-roll deposition
  process, which is significantly more flexible and
  scalable than existing deposition methods".
  (...). This process will enable manufacturers to
  reduce costs by more than 50 percent whilst
  increasing capacity by 200-300 percent. Applying
  this to the automotive industry allows for a
  decrease in cost and increase in the practicality
  of EVs. (...) " (link1)

25
Technology (15/68)

• Recharging Standards (1/2)
• 1. A British report, dated June 2010, on the
  Current Situation and Future Direction of
  Electric Vehicle Charger Standards by the SMMT
  (Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Ltd)
  concludes (p.16 in file, link), concludes
• - The SAE J1772 vehicle inlet and vehicle
  connector are rapidly becoming the accepted
  charging connector for the US and are likely to
  become mandated by Californian legislation in the
  near future.
• - SAE J1772 compliant vehicle inlets and vehicle
  connectors are already available from at least
  one supplier, with other suppliers due to begin
  production by the end of 2010.
• - Whilst the SAE J1772 vehicle inlet and vehicle
  connector provide an excellent solution for the
  US market, where three phase electrical supply is
  not commonly available and where it is common
  practice for the charge cable to form part of the
  charging point, they do not provide an ideal
  solution for Europe.

26
Technology (16/68)

• Recharging Standards (2/2)
• - The IEC 62196-2 Type 2 vehicle inlet, vehicle
  connector, outlet socket and plug appears to
  offer a better solution for the European market,
  permitting single or three phase charging at up
  to 70A.
• - IEC 62196-2 Type 2 vehicle inlets, vehicle
  connectors, outlet sockets and plugs are already
  available from at least one supplier, with other
  suppliers due to begin production by the end of
  2010. The European Automobile Manufacturers
  Association (ACEA) favour the IEC 62196-2 Type 2
  connector.
• - The main obstacle to the adoption of the IEC
  62196-2 Type 2 connector as the standard European
  charge connector is that some European countries
  have national building codes/regulations on
  electrical installation which require electrical
  contacts to be "shuttered" and the IEC 62196-2
  Type 2 connector specification does not include
  "shutters".
• - The IEC 62196-2 Type 3 vehicle inlet, vehicle
  connector, outlet socket and plug may provide a
  solution as they have the necessary "shutters"
  and permit single or three phase charging at up
  to 32A."
•  

• Recharging Standards (2/

27
Technology (17/68)

• Recharging Prospective
• 2. A study presented by the Energy Harvesting
  Journal (link) states
• About 2.3 billion will be spent on plug in
  charging stations at ex factory prices in 2015.
  However, in contrast to the market for the
  vehicles, the market for their charging stations
  is greatly dominated by car versions.
• The non-car charging station business will peak
  in numbers in 2019 and value in 2017. There are
  several reasons.
• - Innovation is slower with cars
• - Batteries with longer range reduce the need
  for charging stations
• Global demand for charging stations using
  contacts to the vehicle will quintuple in the
  next decade to reach over 20 billion including
  installation. East Asia takes 40 of the EV
  charging station market by value in 2021.
• However other devices of energy harvesting are
  gaining efficiency like energy harvesting shock
  absorbers.

28
Trend 7

• A recurrent question how to avoid public
  overexpenditure in public charging stations, as
  private agents should take the initiative.
  However PPP are recommended to start the process.

29
Technology (18/68)

• Recharging Prospective Are public charging
  points necessary ?
• 3. The assessment of the MINI-E leasing
  experiment by BMW gives somes insights on the
  charging behavior of the leasees  (link)
• " In its 14 month Mini-E test lease program,
  involving two groups of 40 drivers, two-thirds of
  participants only ever charged their two-seat
  all-electric mini at home. (...) While most of
  the participants in the trail had begun their
  short lease believing that public charge points
  were absolutely essential to the future success
  of electric cars most discovered that the 100
  mile range per charge offered by the Mini-E was
  more than enough for daily use.The participants
  did  acknowledge however, that some of their
  electric car charging behavior was formed by a
  lack of public charging infrastructure. ()
• A lack of charging outside of the home didnt
  cause Mini-E leasees to leave their cars at home
  though drivers reported that despite having
  severe range anxiety at the start of the trail
  they soon discovered the Mini-E could provide
  enough charge for all but the most demanding of
  trips."

30
Trend 8

• The offer of sophisticated services with
  charging points for EV drivers, charge point
  owners, grid managers, and a preoccupation to
  integrate all the different systems in the cloud
  charging of EVs.

31
Technology (19/68)

• Recharging by wire Vehicle to grid
  communications
• Car manufacturers partner to standardize the
  interfaces
• 1. Mercedes-Benz is spearheading advanced new
  technology that allows electric cars to talk
  directly with the national grid to enable cheaper
  and more efficient charging of EVs. This
  technology is also using a smartphone or iPad
  app, to inform the grid when the vehicle will be
  used next.
• Mercedes is now leading a research group that
  includes representatives from all major German
  and French manufacturers, Detroits Big Three and
  Toyota to make this vehicle to grid
  communications interface standard on all future
  EVs from these companies. (link)

32
Technology (20/68)

• Recharging by wire where ?
• 2. An IBV (IBM Institute for Business Value)
  study shows that
• "Home charging is considered important to the
  success of EVs. "It is crucially important that
  we build an infrastructure that can charge
  vehicles where their owners park them for
  extended periods of time whether that is at
  home or at work, school, or the store." Where
  to put those charging stations?"When deciding
  where to put charging stations, retail hubs like
  malls and shopping centers are good locations.
  "t's easy to envision charging stations in these
  commercial locations coupled with an advertising
  and promotion-based business model for local
  stores which will help make the economics more
  feasible." Partnering with large employers in
  target regions to create charging infrastructure
  in the workplace also makes sense, Gyimesi
  added." (link)

33
Technology (21/68)

• Recharging by wire new services
• 3. Sophisticated services are seen as a must
  with the charging stations, an example with the
  Leviton director of business development (link).
  
• Leviton enlisted Charge Point Network Support
  Services, a product of Coulomb Technologies of
  California.
• Needs
• to find charging stations easily
• to reserve charging time at a station via
  computer or smartphone
• to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
  cards to access the power station, which is
  locked until the charging provider allows access
• or to dial an 800 number that is printed on the
  charging station to order a charging session
• CPNSS offers a lots of other valuables services
  using the capabilities of the cellular
  organization and of RFID chips.

34
Technology (22/68)

• Recharging by wire centralized management
  and charging services
• 4. Bosch proposes an integrated e-mobility
  solution using ICT between the EV driver and its
  chargers to offer a great flexibility of choice
  for the driver and other actors.  (link) Siemens
  does the same (link)
• The German Walther corporation presents its
  offer of charging solutions (file). Walther also
  offers a centralized payment system capable of
  ensuring its own control  for 3 to 20 prepaid
  recharge points.This new solution will be
  presented by Walther at the show EVER, from 31
  March to 3 April in Monaco." (link) 

35
Trend 9-1

• Lot of so-called anxieties so far identified
  charge,

36
Technology (23/68)

• Recharging by wire Charge anxiety
• 5. Charge anxiety may lead to impatience about
  the availabilty of fast chargers. Some have
  already hacked their Leaf EVSE level 1 to charge
  faster in a Level 2 mode 240V 32 A. (link)

37
Technology (24/68)

• Recharging by wire first CHADEMO
  certification in Europe
• 6. The Dutch Epyon is the first manufacturer to
  receive the CHADEMO certification in Europe for
  its new multi-port EV fast chargers (link)

38
Trend 10

• A growing interest for induction charging to
  ease the life of EV owners with a significative
  progresses both in charging efficiency and in
  induction for moving vehicles.

39
Technology (25/68)

• Recharging wireless induction charging
• 1."Liberty Electric Cars  works by engineering
  electric propulsion into existing vehicle
  platforms, replacing the internal combustion
  engine with electrical power via four on-board
  motors (one per wheel). The new technology can
  also allow for wireless charging where the car is
  simply parked over an induction plate and charges
  automatically without the need for plugs or power
  leads." (link)
• 2. "Rolls-Royce has revealed its all-electric
  102EX Phantom and if it makes
• production, the firms demanding customers will
  be able to juice it up
• wirelessly. Clever induction charging
  technology means drivers will simply
• have to park their ?limo over a special pad.
  This revives the 71kWh battery
• ?pack with no need for cables. A full charge
  will take eight hours, and give a range of 124
  miles." (link)

40
Technology (26/68)

• Recharging wireless induction charging
• 3. "Google latest project was announced Monday
  March 21st and Google says it has installed a
  wireless electric car charger, developed by a
  company called Evatran, to charge up plug-in cars
  on its Mountain View, Calif. campus. Currently
  the prototypes are getting just under 80 percent
  efficiency says Evatran, but the company says it
  will only bring a product to market with 90
  percent efficiency.(...). Evatran also told last
  year that the Plugless Power devices would cost
  around 3,800 and would go on sale April 2011 ."
  (link)
• 4. Some forecasts "In a few years down the
  road, the plug-free electric vehicle charging
  industry could become substantial and wireless
  charging is already starting to become more
  mainstream for gadgets. Global shipments of
  gadgets capable of proximity charging are
  estimated to jump nearly 70 times by 2014 from
  the 3.5 million units expected to sell this year,
  according to research firm iSuppli.." (link)

41
Technology (27/68)

• Recharging wireless induction charging for a
  moving EV
• 5. Bombardier Introduces PrimoveCity E-Mobility
  System (link)
• PrimoveCity utilizes the PRIMOVE technology
  capable of providing power transfer for all
  electric vehicles. Using inductive energy
  transfer, PRIMOVE equipment mounted under the
  vehicle generates power from cables creating a
  magnetic field placed under the ground's surface.
  
• The system only energizes when it is fully
  covered by the vehicle. Vehicle and wayside
  components are designed to meet all applicable
  safety standards. Reliable performance is
  ensured, even under adverse weather and ground
  conditions such as snow, rain, ice, sand or
  water.
• Bombardier will present its groundbreaking
  PrimoveCity program at the UITP 2011 59th World
  Congress and Mobility City Transport Exhibition
  taking place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, next
  April, 11-14.

42
Trend 11

• Battery swapping for cars and trucks is more
  than an idea.

43
Technology (28/68)

• Wireless recharging Battery swapping (1/3)
• 1. By implementing BES (battery exchange
  stations) the accommodation of renewables in the
  charging mix is considerably easier than by using
  FCS (fast charge stations).(link)
• 2. Battery swapping and exchange seems to be
  added as an option with the purchase of an EV in
  order to amortize the cost of the batery over
  time and reduce the risk of the technological
  obsolescence of the battery. . (link)
• 3. Renault limits battery swapping to Danemark
  and Israël for the time being. (link) Prices
  schemes "all inclusive" are known for the Danish
  buyers of the Fluence ZE, depending of the yearly
  anticipated distance driven.
• 4. Betterplace inaugurate the first of the 40
  BSS that will be installed in Insraël this year.
  9 are already completed. (link)

44
Inaugurating first Israël BSS on March 24 2011
45
Technology (29/68)

• Wireless recharging Battery swapping (2/3)
• 5. An EU Cordis project of 2.4 millions called
  EASYBAT  (link)  has been awarded to a consortium
  of partners among them Betterplace Israël,
  Renault, Continental, two German Universities,
  etc.  " to address these integration challenges
  by defining new concepts for the smart insertion
  of batteries and by developing in particular
  generic interfaces for electric vehicles.
  integration system will be developed for fully
  electric vehicles. () EASYBAT will develop (i)
  generic interfaces to improve interoperability
  between the battery system modules and the
  vehicle on board-systems and (ii) new components
  for an easy safe location and quick integration
  of the battery in the vehicle. (iii) At each
  stage of the project, the EASYBAT partners will
  assess the feasibility of the overall battery
  swapping concept considering costs, logistics,
  and environmental aspects. Based on these
  parameters, the EASYBAT system performance will
  be compared to alternative solutions for EVs."
• The project has a duration of 30 months starting
  on Jan 1st 2011 until June 30 2013.

46
Technology (30/68)

• Wireless recharging Battery swapping (3/3)
• 6.  Tesla has designed its second electric car,
  the Model S, to have a battery that can be
  quickly taken out and swapped with a new one,
  with the idea that if battery swapping becomes
  common for electric car drivers one day, the
  Model S will be prepared, explained Tesla CTO JB
  Straubel at a tour of Teslas Model S Alpha Build
  room.  
• Making the battery swappable also makes it
  easier to install on the manufacturing line, he
  added. (link)

47
Technology (31/68)

• Electricity production by the vehicle External
  energy harvesting
• Piezoelectric energy harvesting roads generate
  power when strained in a particular way. The
  devices are small but over a large area can
  amount to significant power generation. In Italy
  and Israel trials are underway with piezoelectric
  energy harvesting roads - the vibrations due to
  vehicle motion are turned into electricity. In a
  trial by the Israeli government, 2,000 watt hours
  of electricity were generated on a 10 meter
  stretch of highway.
• However, these technologies would be best placed
  where a vehicle is slowing down, otherwise the
  systems can lower the fuel efficiency of the
  vehicle. Approaches to crossings, ramps and
  parking lots would be ideal locations.  ()
• Energy harvesters such as those described above
  meet unmet needs. For example, powering signage
  or lighting on roads or in pedestrian areas can
  be done by harvesting energy from the traffic or
  footfall near it - no expensive infrastructure is
  needed. (link)

48
Trend 12 types of vehicles

• A multiplicity of actors, products, research
  agendas, opportunities, partnerships, policies.
• A lot of world premières during those three last
  months and first experiences with real customers.
  (cf P0)

49
Technology (32/68)

• Types of vehicles necessity of an EU regulation
• "The Commission awarded a project to TRL to
  review the type-approval legislation for electric
  vehicles and the potential safety risks. The
  specific objectives of the project were
• To provide recommendations on the completion of
  EC (and also UNECE) type-approval requirements
  for electric vehicles
• To assess potential risks associated with
  electric propulsion that are not covered by
  legislation, including EC and UNECE regulations
• To provide recommendations on appropriate
  legislative action if potential risks are
  identified.
• The project focused on M and N category vehicles,
  from mild hybrids to purely-electric vehicles. "
  (file)

50
Technology (33/68)

• Type of vehicles 2 wheels
• Prices are down (link)

51
Technology (34/68)

• Type of vehicles 3 wheelers do you need
  adrenaline ?
• Nils Ferber EX electric drill-powered
  trike (link).

52
Technology (35/68)

• Type of vehicles Light 4 wheelers
• The prices, types and delivery date of the
  Renault Twizy are known. (link)
• Twizy will be sold from 6,990 including VAT
  (excluding tax incentives)
• Rent for the battery 45 including VAT /
  month  (36 months, 7500 km per year).

53
Technology (36/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (1/5)
• The expected pure electric range is increasing,
• While 100 miles (160 kms) was a common norm in
  recent years, several new vehicles are presented
  with an expected range of 200 kms and more.
• (examples Saab epower, Mazda Axela, Liberty
  Electric E-Range (retrofit of a Range Rover), VW
  Bulli (300km)   ) (link)

54
Technology (37/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (2/5)
• BMW creates a new "i" sub-brand for its electric
  vehicles, the i3 formerly called Megacity has
  been spied in tests and a more precise concept
  should be revealed at the Frankfurt motor show in
  September. 
• Made largely from carbon fiber for lightness and
  strength, the i3 is expected to get a four-seat
  layout with a 134-horsepower electric motor drivin
  g the rear axle. A range-extended version could
  also be available after initial launch." (link)

55
Technology (38/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (3/5)
• B. World premieres
• The iMiEV is on sale in UK since January 2011
  (link) as well as in France (file with
  specifications) as well as the Nissan Leaf.

56
Technology (39/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (4/5)
• C. The practicability of ecars is a continuous
  preoccupation,
• some   unexpected  newcomers, the Kangoo
  combi and VW Bulli  (link).

57
Technology (40/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (5/6)
• D. Production announcements some examples (1/2)
• Ford has announced a range of EVs for BEV to HEVs
  to available between end 2011 to 2013. Volvo
  presents its V60 Diesel PHEV (available 2012).
  Toyota announces an IQ electric retrofit.

58
Technology (41/68)

• Type of vehicles electric cars (6/6)
• D. Production announcements some examples (2/2)
• Tata has started to assemble a batch of 1,500
  Indica Vista EV supermini models in Coventry UK
  on March 25.  The Vista EV is a 4 seater capable
  of covering 120 miles on a full charge with a
  potential top speed of 71 mph. It can also manage
  0-60 kph in less than 10 seconds.
• The Coventry plant is essentially a location for
  assembly procedures part-built vehicles arrive
  from India and then the batteries, transmission
  and interior parts are added. The vehicles will
  go on sale to the general public at the beginning
  of 2012. (link)
• .

59
Technology (42/68)

• Type of vehicles e-taxis
• 1. ZAP in joint-venture with Jonway has
  presented its E-taxi (link) already distributed
  in South Korea.

60
Technology (43/68)

• Type of vehicles e-taxis (2/3)
• 2.  Eco City Vehicles PLC (ECV), developer and
  distributor of eco-friendly commercial vehicles
  in Europe, has announced the launch of an
  all-electric prototype of its London-licensed
  Mercedes Vito taxi).

61
Technology (44/68)

• Type of vehicles e-taxis (3/3)
• 3. In January 2011, Mitsubish has announced that
  an electric taxi based on the i-MiEV pure
  electric car would be available commercially in
  the second half of 2011 for a low cost of around
  24,450. Toshiba is to supply lithium ion
  batteries.. (link)

62
Technology (45/68)

• Type of vehicles all terrain and/or 4x4 (1/2)
• With the entry of  Avenport Investment in its
  capital , whose investment policy is geared
  towards young SMEs with high potential, Electric
  Car is  acquiring a new partner to support its
  growth and development of its VOLTEIS first 4X4
  electric available on the market since February
  2010. (link) 

63
Technology (46/68)

• Type of vehicles all terrain and/or 4x4 (2/2)
• Liberty electric cars retrofits Range Rovers.
  (link)  And on the Volvo V60 PHEV pushing the AWD
  button in the centre stack activates electric
  four-wheel drive. Instead of the mechanical power
  transmission of the conventional AWD system, the
  central control unit manages torque distribution
  to the diesel-driven front wheels and the
  electrically powered rear axle. (link) 

64
Trend 13

• A significative accent on practicability and
  security of electric cars, vans, taxis, ...

65
Technology (47/68)

• Type of vehicles e-vans (1/2)
• Ford announces the Ford Transit Connect full
  electric in collaboration with Azure Dynamics to
  be available in 2011. For the specs, see file and
  the test drive. (link) and Renault offers two
  versions of the Kangoo (ZE et Maxi ZE).

66
Technology (48/68)

• Type of vehicles e-vans (2/2)
• 2. Think proposes two types of e-vans
• The first, the THINK City N1 type approved for
  European van homologation, carries goods up to a
  maximum 237 kilograms and 700-litres in volume,
  and offers significant tax advantages in many
  markets.
• The THINK Compact van follows later this year.
  With an increased capacity of 900-litres and
  designed as part of a large tender for fleet
  sales to the French Governments UGAP program.
  (link)
• 3. Mitsubishi Motors Corp and Yamato Transport
  Co Ltd will start a field test of an electric
  pickup and delivery vehicle prototyped by
  Mitsubishi Motors. () The electric vehicle (EV)
  to be tested is based on Mitsubishi Motors'
  "Minicab Van" gasoline-driven commercial light
  van. The company used the motor and the
  lithium-ion rechargeable battery of its "i-MiEV"
  EV for the prototyped EV. Mitsubishi Motors aims
  at an early commercialization of the commercial
  electric light van. (link)

67
Technology (49/68)

• Type of vehicles e-vans (3/3)
• 4. Goupil presents the coooling version of its
  electric van. Offering up to 70 km range, this
  version of the G3 cooling van proves to be a good
  alternative to refrigerated heavy vehicles for
  urban deliveries. Its compact size, 1.1 m wide,
  and its 3 m turning radius allow it to slip
  easily into the narrow streets. It primarily
  targets professionals in urban logistics delivery
  (for individuals, meal trays, communities ...).
• Goupil G3 refrigeration is sold from 27,900
  excl.taxes ... (link)

68
Technology (50/68)

• Type of vehicles light trucks
• In France, the Renault Maxity Electric truck will
  soon be available in leasing this year. Renault
  Trucks has partnered with its subsidiary Clovis
  rental to offer contracts with a duration of 48
  months rental full service (maintenance - tires -
  insurance - replacement vehicles. ...). Aimed at
  downtowns, the electric version of Maxity offers
  a payload up to 1.5 tons and may be driven with a
  simple license B. The Maxity reaches a 70 km/h
  maximum speed and its lithium-ion batteries
  loaded in 8 hours allow a 100 km range.  (link)

69
Technology (51/68)

• Type of vehicles e-bus (1/4)
• AEV develops a E-Shuttle Bus With Range Of 83
  Miles. Early reports indicate that the 21-foot
  E-Shuttle will run on an 88.5 kWh lithium iron
  phosphate battery pack which will give the
  vehicle a range of about 133 km (84 miles)
  without the use of air conditioning, a top speed
  of 80 km/h (50 mph) and consumption of 665 Wh/km.
  
• Note AEV is also working on a solution for the
  exchange of battery packs to be unveiled in late
  2011. (link)

70
Technology (52/68)

• Type of vehicles e-bus (2/4)
• 2. The French company SOCIÉTÉ GRUAU MICROBUS is a
  partnership between the Groupe Bolloré and
   Groupe Gruau (link) has developed an electric
  urban bus using LMP batteries and supercapacitors
  (link)
• 3. The first electric bus in service in France
  was officially inaugurated on the network CoulBus
  Coulommiers (77) The electric bus is a Oreos 4X,
  developed by PVI based in Seine-et-Marne. It is
  equipped with a 170 kwh lithium-ion battery.
  allowing an approximate range of 120 km (at
  70km/h) and can accommodate 47 passengers. "
  (link)
•  

71
Technology (53/68)

• Type of vehicles e-bus (3/4)
• 4. Proterra Inc., a Greenville, S.C. company is
  producing battery-powered, fast-charging transit
  buses. The buses are fueled by Altairnano's
  lithium-titanate battery systems and fuel cell
  that continouous recharge the batteries. (...) 
  Altairnano's fast-charge capability is what makes
  the Proterra bus such an innovative green
  solution. The bus can run a 2 ½ hour bus route
  after a single 5- to 10-minute rapid charge, and
  the batteries have an expected lifespan of 12 to
  15 years in any climate. These batteries are the
  only commercial technology that can currently
  provide these capabilities. (link)
•  

72
Technology (54/68)

• Type of vehicles e-bus (4/4)
• 5. This idea has some success (link)
  a mega-sized U-shaped ultracapacitor could
  provide a low cost low tech decade of
  pollution-free transit services with a double
  decker bus.

73
Technology (55/68)
Type of vehicles Heavy and special vehicles

• In California, combinations of Fuel Cells and
  batteries are used to power Class 8 heavy trucks
  and tractors in order to provide clean operations
  
• Vision Motor Corporation will deliver the
  zero-emission hydrogen fuel-cell hybrid-electric
  powered big-rig and terminal tractor, which they
  produced.
• Each truck has battery packs that are
  continually recharged by on-board hydrogen
  fuel-cells. The vehicles will undergo real-world
  testing for the full 18 months, encountering
  typical circumstances that any comparative
  diesel-fuelled vehicle would. (link)

74
Technology (56/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Global engineering (1/3)
• 1. A Mc Kinsey study confirms that . Driving
  missionsmuch more than the size of
  vehiclesdetermine energy storage requirements."
  (link) and that should motivate car manufacturer
  to better know their customer needs.
• This confirms the engineering choice made by Mia
  (formerly Heuliez Friendly ). The Mia comes with
  a standard 8 kWh battery pack but more packs may
  be added to increase the range. (link) 

75
Technology (57/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Global engineering (2/3)
• 2. Volvo and Opel both present new driving mode
  choices for their PHEV or EREV's the V60 diesel
  PHEV and the Opel Ampera EREV.

To be mentionned the possibility to choose a
 pure  electric mode along with several other
possibilites. (link)
76
Technology (58/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Global engineering (3/3)
• Your electric car can go six miles further on its
  battery if you use LED headlights. (link)
• "Jonathan Dunlap, the automotive lighting
  engineer and product marketing manager with OSRAM
  SYLVANIA, says that LED (light emitting diode)
  lighting can have a significant impact on an
  electric vehicle's range. Over only that last 2-3
  years, the efficiency of LEDs has increased to
  the point where LEDs use less than 25 the energy
  of halogen bulbs (and this will only get better
  in the coming years). So, how much extra range
  can an EV get by using today's LED headlights?
  According to Dunlap
• An efficient LED headlamp system can extend
  vehicle range by nearly six miles (9.5 km).
• LEDs have additional benefits such as extremely
  long life (50,000 hours is not uncommon) and
  vibration tolerance, meaning they can last the
  life of the car. The main hurdle at this point is
  getting upfront costs down." (link)

77
Technology (59/68)

• E-Vehicle conception new materials
• New materials are developed to increase the
  efficiency of EVs. (link)
• The move towards adoption of carbon fiber
  reinforced plastic (CFRP) is expected to soon
  gain momentum as a solution for significantly
  reducing the automobile body weight. This
  weight-saving initiative by Toray and Daimler
  would partially offset any increase in weight
  caused by additional safety and comfort features
  or new technologies used in alternative drive
  systems.
• Furthermore CFRP parts contribute to an
  increased stiffness of the vehicle body, thereby
  further increasing the crash integrity of the
  passenger cell as well as the comfort. (link)

78
Technology (60/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Motors
• 1. Toyota moves away rare earths for its motors
  (link)) by attempting to replace its magnet-type
  motor by a lighter and more efficient induction
  motor. This move has been prepared by by the
  government-backed New Energy and Industrial
  Technology Development Organization (NEDO) and
  Hokkaido University. (link)
• 2. Note that "as a pioneer in the development of
  electric drive systems, AC Propulsion (...) has
  been making EV motors (i.e. for the Mini E, the
  Tesla roadster) without using rare earth metals
  for nearly 20 years. (link)
• 3. Yaskawa has developped a motor with good
  performance for slow and stop and go driving.
  (link)
• 4. The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and
  Industry has announced its plans to implement by
  2012 energy efficiency standards for electric
  motors . (link)

79
Trend 14

• The renewed interest in retrofitting.

80
Technology (61/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Retrofitting (1/3)
• 1. Japan Post "is currently electrifying 25 of a
  22,000 vehicle fleet with the intention of
  converting 100 of the fleet to pure EVs By
  retrofitting the vehicle with the ENERDEL/THINK
  drivetrain, the postal service is able to retain
  its existing vehicle fleet" (link).

81
Technology (62/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Retrofitting (2/3)
• 2. "The Japanese automotive supplier Yasukawa
  Electronics (...) has started marketing the YMEV,
  an electrified drive train that can be fitted
  into conventional cars for turning them into EVs.
  The internal permanent magnet (IPM) motor and the
  control systems of the YMEV make it particularly
  efficient in low speeds with frequent
  stop-and-go, such as in parcel delivery. Zero
  Sports, a company very active in the conversion
  of cars in Japan, is using the YMEV for the 1,000
  units strong EV fleet the Japan Post has ordered
  in 2010. " (link)

82
Technology (63/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Retrofitting (3/3)
• 3. Numerous actors work in the retrofit sector.
  Interested people may consult
• http//www.calcars.org/ice-conversions.html

83
Trend 15

• The integration of IC technologies in EVs to
  provide useful services inside and with the
  vehicle.

84
Technology (64/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Interactivities (1/2)
• 1. The charging network must be offered with ICT
  service to facilitate the life of EV drivers AND
  charging point owners. An example is given in the
  Leviton director of business development
  interview. (link)
• 2. A common language in the cloud charging of
  EVs is necessary in order to allow EV drivers
  inscribed at one network, will also be able to
  charge at stations provided and serviced by
  another one. It might come at a higher charging
  rate, but technical access will be possible.
  (link)

85
Trend 9-2

• Lot of so-called anxieties so far identified
  charge, signal,

86
Technology (65/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Interactivities (2/2)
• A new source of anxiety ? And a talent quest
  war.
• 3. Ford has just announced that it has chosen
  telecoms giant ATT to provide wireless
  connectivity to its new range of electric and
  plug-in cars, enabling drivers of its 2012 Ford
  Focus electric car to remotely interact with
  their car via an Internet portal or their smart
  phone.
• This will enable users to check on their cars
  state of charge, pre-air condition the car and
  even schedule charging. In addition, the cars
  permanent Internet connection means drivers get
  real-time traffic information, eventually
  integrating with charging networks to show which
  charging points are available near the car or its
  destination. " (link)
• But will range anxiety be accompanied by signal
  anxiety, the quality of telecomunications being
  far from  excellent everywhere ?
• Moreover a talent quest for tech talents
  recently made Detroit the fasted growing area for
  such diplomas competing with Silicon Valley
  (link)

87
Technology (66/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Security (1/3)
• 1. Given the side pole impact test that caused
  the 2011 Mitsubishi i-Miev so much grief in the
  NCAP Euro tests earlier this month (feb 2011)
  (link)

88
Technology (67/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Security (2/3)
• Volvo decided to put its electric C30 in this
  same situation which is one of the most severe of
  all crash tests. (link), as well as Gordon Murray
  with the smaller T.27

89
Technology (68/68)

• E-Vehicle conception Security (3/3)
• 3. The European Commission, DG Enterprise and
  Industry commissioned a report  from TRL to
  review the type-approval legislation for electric
  vehicles and the potential safety risks.
• The specific objectives of the project were
• To provide recommendations on the completion of
  EC (and also UNECE) type-approval requirements
  for electric vehicles
• To assess potential risks associated with
  electric propulsion that are not covered by
  legislation, including EC and UNECE regulations
• To provide recommendations on appropriate
  legislative action if potential risks are
  identified. (file and link)

90
Economic Challenges (1/6)

• A conclusion R. Minsks MIT symposium
•  Transportation electrification offers the most
  promising pathway to a more secure energy future,
  but there should be no mistaking the magnitude of
  this undertaking. The existing oil infrastructure
  spans the globe, was created over the course of a
  century, and is worth trillions of dollars.
  Replacing it with an alternate infrastructure
  that delivers similar functionality will take
  decades, which should not be surprising given
  that new cars routinely last for fifteen years
  and new power plants are built to operate for
  fifty years or more.
• Without committing to electrify at least parts
  of our transportation system, the burdens of oil
  dependence on our economy and our national
  security are only likely to grow. (file)

91
Trend 16

• A political will and business moves to avoid a
  dependency to Energy Critical Elements.

92
Economic Challenges (2/6)

• Macroeconomic strategies
• China monopoly on rare earths exports (gt 90 of
  world exports) used in the EV industry poses a
  strategic problem of natural resources dependency
  since China has decided to reduce its export
  quota of rare earths. See this topic under
  (Socio-politicals aspects gt Strategic views gt
  Public views infra)

93
Economic Challenges (3/6)

• Financial risks and opportunities for consumers
  the rent distribution problem of  used 
  batteries
•  Enabling consumers to capture the residual
  value of automotive battery purchases could
  significantly offset the higher upfront cost of
  purchasing a grid-enabled vehicle. As the first
  generation of GEV batteries enters the secondary
  use market, a value will surely be derived. If
  nothing else, the recycling of battery raw
  materials alone will generate a notional return
  on investment for consumers. More likely, battery
  values will be well in excess of the recycling
  value given their potential use in the electric
  power sector. In the meantime, however, markets
  are likely to undervalue lithium-ion batteries
  due to their inability to assess the risk of an
  unknown technology.
• Therefore, governments should authorize programs
  to guarantee residual value for large format
  automotive batteries. Compared to the uncertainty
  of battery research and development, establishing
  a minimum residual value would effectively buy
  down the cost of batteries immediately. 
   (adapted from link)

94
Trend 17 is it a trend or a recurrent fate ?

• Not better market penetration forecasts for EVs.
  However the observation that fleet begin their
  electrification (even by retrofitting) given the
  relatives advantages provided by their
  electrification

95
Economic Challenges (4/6)

• Market penetration forecasts (most interesting)
  (1/3)
• After the range, charge and signal anxiety, the
  delivery anxiety appeared in the Nissan Laef
  customer minds due to long delays and more
  recently to the earhquake in Japan . (link)
• According to a recent study by McKinsey, the
  electric drive vehicles (100 electric and
  hybrid) could dominate the global automotive
  market in 2030 through the gradual evolution of
  standards for CO2 emissions. (link)The firm
  relies on different assumptions on the evolution
  of legislation to carry out various market
  analysis.

96
Economic Challenges (5/6)

• Market penetration forecasts (most interesting)
  (2/3)
• Moderate reduction - 95 g / km CO2 by 2050  In
  this case, the ICE vehicle maintains its
  supremacy heat until about 2035 before giving way
  to hybrid vehicles. The plug-in hybrid could
  emerge in the 2040s while the electric car would
  have a moderate with only 10 market share in
  2050. The fuel cell vehicles could never develop
  for lack of available infrastructure ...
• Strong reduction - 40 g / km CO2 by 2050
  Probably the most likely hypothesis. In this
  case, the ICE vehicle will be predominant until
  2030. After that date, electric cars and plug-in
  hybrids take rapidly a large market share at the
  expense of conventional vehicles. The fuel cell
  would be favored on large vehicles for longer
  trips ...
• Strict reduction - 10 g / km CO2 by 2050 Here,
  the thermal vehicle loses its grip in 2025 to
  provide market share in the electric-powered
  vehicles.  In the long term, the technology
  becomes dominant pure electric for short trips
  and the fuel cell for longer distances.  Hybrid
  cars and plug-in hybrid technology serve only
  temporary and quickly yield place to the two
  previously mentioned technology.

97
Economic Challenges (6/6)

• Market penetration forecasts (most interesting)
  (3/3)
• A summary of US EV penetration forecasts. (link)

98
Management Issues (1/14)
Marketing Leasing 1. Swapping and leasing
batteries seems to be a new business model
allowing buyers of EVs to amortize over time the
cost and the technological obsolescence risk of
batteries. "In the future, proposes Charles
Gassenheimer, chairman and CEO of battery
manufacturer Ener1, electric-vehicle battery
leasing should be added to the options. We can
come up with a creative lease finance model that
more appropriately allocates the cost of
battery use, he said. Currently, the battery
represents up to 45 percent of the cost of an
electric vehicle. Getting that cost down will be
crucial to widespread consumer acceptance of
plug-in vehicles, according to virtually all
reports. (...) Gassenheimer suggested that
consumers could buy a service agreement under
which they pay 100 to 150 a month to use the
battery. Every three to five years, the battery
could be swapped out. It wouldnt go to that
great battery farm in the sky, however. It could
still be used for storage . (link) 
99
Management Issues (2/14)
Marketing EV car rental The Hertz Corporation
announced last year (Dec. 6 2010)  that New York
will be the first city to receive electric
vehicles (EV) as part company's Hertz Global EV
initiative.  "Daily rental firm Hertz has
also signed a two-year 500-unit electric vehicle
supply deal with Renault. The four Renault EVs
launched in the next 18 months the Kangoo van,
lower medium Fluence, Supermini Zoe and Twizy
scooter/city car are all included in the
deal. Hertz said there will be an allocation for
corporates as theyre seen as early adopters,
although couldnt say how many cars would be
devoted here. Our partnership with Hertz will
allow the public to experience our innovative
driving technology first-hand, as well as
developing their understanding of the
environmental benefits of our Renault ZE Range,
said Uwe Hochgeschurtz, senior VP of Renaults
corporate sales division." (link1) For the
original press release, see link2.
100
Management Issues (3/14)
Mobility Services EV car sharing 1. Nice (see
Panorama 0) opens its first car sharing station
(link) and video
101
Management Issues (4/14)

• Mobility Services Electricity for EVs Markets
• One-Stop integrated solutions for EVs and
  certification of renewable energy sources
• The partnership of the Renault-Nissan Alliance
  and The Mobility House (Austria) intends to 
  give our EV customers in Austria and Switzerland
  a competitive one-stop solution at our
  dealerships for all their e-mobility needs,
  including domestic charging, installation by a
  certified technician, and electricity. The
  Mobility House will provide seamless access to
  energy and energy-related services to all Renault
  and Nissan EV customers anywhere anytime, said
  Thomas Raffeiner, Founder and CEO of The Mobility
  House.
• In Austria, TMH will also provide customers with
  certification that the electricity from their
  charging unit is derived from renewable energy
  sources, making them eligible for electricity
  subsidies in that market. (link) (From the press
  release)

102
Trend 18

• Numerous new partnerships between energy
  producers, car manufacturers, telecommunication
  operators, research teams, . (Cf P0)

103
Management Issues (5/14)

• New partnerships (1/4)
• Mercedes is now leading a research group that
  includes representatives from all major German
  and French manufacturers, Detroits Big Three and
  Toyota to make their vehicle to grid
  communications interface standard on all future
  EVs from these companies. See also Technology gt
  Recharging gt Recharging by wire gt Panorama 1
  (link)
• Bolloré and Gruau have partenered to conceive and
  produce the microbus Gruau electicty using LMP
  batteries and supercapacitors. (link) See also
  Technology gt Type of vehicles gt ebus gt Panorama1
  (link)
• Daimler (Mercedes) and Torray have partenered to
  mass produce CFRP auto parts to be used in all
  Mercedes models starting in 2012 by using a new
  production method called Short Cycle Resin
  Transfer Molding (SCRTM).(link) See also
  Technology gt EV conception gtMaterialsgt Panorama
  1 (link)
• A new research consortium has been founded around
  the MIT, called the MIT Energy Initiative
  (MITei). Its numerous members are big energy
  corporations togheter with electronic firms,
  electricity distribution societies, academic
  institutions, etc. (link).

104
Management Issues (6/14)

• New partnerships (2/4)
• ZAP and Jonway have partenered  in a JV owned for
  51 by ZAP
• Jonway Automobiles revenues from selling its
  gasoline vehicles will help build the foundation
  for ZAP Jonways growth in the electric vehicle
  market, allowing ZAP to focus on further
  strengthening its EV technology, reinforced by
  Jonways manufacturing production expertise and
  ready market access to China, said Dr. Priscilla
  Lu, founder and general partner of Cathaya
  Capital, a Cross Border Fund focused on China.
  (link)
• The Saab ePower is the first electric vehicle
  from Saab and is a result of a private public
  partnership between Saab Automobile, Boston Power
  (batteries), Electroengine in Sweden AB (battery
  management system), Innovatum (project
  management), Power Circle (Swedens electric
  power industry trade organization) and the
  Swedish Energy Agency (partial financing). (link)
• ENERDEL has developed numerous partnerships to
  develop its activities (p.34 in link)

105
Management Issues (7/14)

• New partnerships (3/4)
• EDTA,  Electric Drive Transportation
  Association, is "the preeminent US industry
  association dedicated to the promotion of
  electric drive as the best means to achieve the
  highly efficient and clean use of secure energy
  in the transportation sector." (link) It groups
  the main US carmakers, energy companies,
  batteries and battery components manufacturers,
  component suppliers, infrastructure developers,
   industry trade associations, defense
  contractors, governemental agencies and other
  interest associations.
• After a similar experience I North America, Tesla
  launches a battery recycling program throughout
  Europe through a partnership with Umicore. It
  intents to do the same in Asia. (link)
• BMW Peugeot Citroën Electrification is the name
  of the new BMW PSA partnership. "BMW Peugeot
  Citroen Electrification will focus on the
  development and manufacture of components for
  hybrid vehicles (battery packs, electrical
  machinery, genera