The Study of Special Needs in Infancy and Early Childhhod

1
The Study of Special Needs in Infancy and Early
Childhhod Pervasive Developmental Disorders
and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rosa C. Martinez, Ph.D., BCBA
2
INTRODUCTION

• This mini presentation will focus on
• AUTISM

3
Part 1

• Definitions
• Etiology of autism
• Symptoms
• Prevalence
• Diagnosis
• Treatment approaches

4
Frequently Used Acronyms in Relation to Autism

• ABA Applied Behavior Analysis
• ABC Applied Behavior Consultants
• ABC Autism Behavior Checklist
• ABC Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
• ADA American w/ Disabilities Act
• ADD Attention Deficit Disorder
• ADHD Attn Deficit Hyperactivity Dis
• ADI Autism Diagnostic Interview
• ADOS Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale
• AIA Autism, Intolerance

5
More Acronyms

• AIT Auditory Integration Training
• ANC Autism National Committee
• ANDI Autism Network for Dietary Intervention
• ARI Autism Research Institute
• ARRI Autism Research Review International
• AS Aspergers Syndrome
• ASA Autism Society of America
• ASD Autism Spectrum Disorders

6
More Acronyms

• ASL American Sign Language
• AUTCOM Autism National Committee
• CAN Cure Autism Now
• CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale
• CBCL Achenbach Childhood Beh Checklist
• CF Casein free
• CHAT Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
• DAN Defeat Autism Now
• DAS Developmental Apraxia of Speech
• FC Facilitated Communication

7
More Acronyms

• FEAT Families for Early Autism Treatment
• GARS Gilliam Autism Rating Scale
• GF Gluten Free
• HFA High Functioning Autistic
• LFA Low Functioning Autistic
• NAS National Autistic Society
• NLP Natural Language Paradigm
• NOS Not Otherwise Specified
• OCD Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• ODD Oppositional Defiant Disorder

8
More Acronyms

• PDD Pervasive Developmental Disorder
• PDD-NOS PDD Not Otherwise Specified
• PECS Picture Exchange Comm System
• PEP Psycho-Educational Profile
• POAC Parents of Autistic Children
• PRT Pivotal Response Training
• RCMPHD ME
• SI Sensory Integration
• SIB Self Injurious Behavior

9
More Acronyms

• TEACCH Treatment Education of
• Autistic Related Communication
• Handicapped Children
• TOM Theory of Mind
• TS Tourettes Syndrome

10
NO NEED TO REMEMBER THESE!
11
THE MOST IMPORTANT ACRONYMS

• ASD
• Autistic Spectrum Disorder
• PDD
• Pervasive Developmental Disorder
• RCMPHD
• Rosa C. Martinez, PhD.,
  BCBA

12
Part I
DEFINITIONS
13
Pervasive Developmental Disorders

• PDD is a category designated by
• the American Psychiatric Association
• PDD is NOT a disorder
• PDD is a behavioral diagnoses

14
Pervasive Developmental Disorders

• Autism Disorder
• Aspergers Disorder
• Retts Disorder
• Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
• PDD-NOS

15
(No Transcript)
16
What Is ASD?
ASD and PDD are synonymous Autism is often
referred to as a spectrum disorder, meaning that
the symptoms and characteristics of autism can
present themselves in a wide variety of
combinations, from mild to severe. (Two children
both with a diagnosis of autism, can act very
differently from one another.)
17
What is Autism?
A developmental disability affects the
processing, integrating, and
organizing of information significantly
impacts communication, social
interaction, functional skills, and
educational performance A neurological disorder
(abnormalities in the CNS) affects
functioning of the brain
18
AUTISM is on the rise!
19
(No Transcript)
20
What Is the Difference Between PDD-NOS and
Autism?
PDD-NOS Behavioral diagnoses No medical test No
brain scan Same educational approach Very mild
autistic symptoms Some autistic symptoms w/ other
severe neurological problems
AUTISM Behavioral diagnoses No medical test No
brain scan Same educational approach Severe
autistic symptoms Neurological problems
21
PDD is synonymous with ASD. PDD is not
synonymous with Autism.Why not?
22

• PDD
• Category of various disorders
• Not itself a diagnoses

• PDD-NOS
• Features that resemble autism but may not be
• as severe or extensive
• PDD-NOS is a diagnosis
• (NOS Not Otherwise Specified)

• AUTISM
• The most severe of the pervasive developmental
• disorders
• Autism is a diagnosis

23

• AUTISM
• A developmental disability (affects a persons
• ability to communicate, understand language,
• play, and interact.)
• Autism is a behavioral syndrome (which means
• that the definition is based on patterns or
• behaviors emitted.)
• Autism is a neurological disability (presumed to
  
• be present at birth and is usually apparent
  before
• the age of 3.
• Specific cause is unknown. (It is widely assumed
  
• that there are multiple causes, each of which
• manifests subtypes.)

24

• Aspergers
• Deficits in social interaction
• Unusual responses to the environment
• (similar to those in autism)
• however
• cognitive and communicative development
• are within the normal or near normal range
• in the first years of life and
• verbal skills are usually an area of strength.

25
(No Transcript)
26
ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM

• No specific cause has yet been identified.
• Theories
• Biological
• Neurological
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
• PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
• Genetic
• Environmental

27
SYMPTOMS OF AUTISM

• Problems using and understanding language
• Difficulty relating to people, objects, and
  events
• Unusual play with toys and other objects
• Difficulty with change in routines
• Repetitive body movements

28
SYMPTOMS
29
SYMPTOMS
30
EARLY DETECTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION
31
Red Flag Criteria for diagnosis prior to 3 years
oldAt 6 months

• not making eye contact with parent during
  interaction
• Not cooing or babbling
• Not smiling when parents smile
• Not participating in vocal turn-taking
• Not responding to peek-a-boo game

32
At 14 months

• No attempts to speak
• Not pointing, waving or grasping
• No response when name is called
• Indifferent to others
• Repetitive body motions
• Fixation on a single object
• Oversensitivity to textures, smells, sounds
• Strong resistance to change in routine

33
At 24 months

• Does not initiate 2-word phrases (doesnt just
  echo words)
• Any loss of words or developmental skill

34
Persons with AUTISM may possess the following
characteristics in various combinations and in
varying degrees of severity
35
Inappropriate laughing or giggling
No real fear of dangers!
36
Apparent insensitivity to pain
May not want cuddling
37
Sustained unusual or repetitive play Uneven
physical or verbal skills
May avoid eye contact
38
May prefer to be alone
Difficulty in expressing needs May use gestures
39
Inappropriate attachments to objects
Insistence on sameness
40
Inappropriate response or no response to sound
Echoes words or phrases
41
Difficulty in interacting with others
Spins objects or self
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
(No Transcript)
46
PREVALENCE
47
PREVALENCE
/
/
166
150
48
PREVALENCE
Over one half million people in the U.S. have
some form of ASD
49
PREVALENCE
Autism is the 3rd most common Developmental
disability
50
PREVALENCE
Autism has no racial, ethnic, or
social boundaries
51
PREVALENCE
52
DIAGNOSES OF AUTISM

• No medical tests for diagnosing autism
• Behavioral diagnoses
• ABC
• ADI
• CARS
• ADOS

53
DIAGNOSIS DSM-IV
54
TREATMENT APPROACHES
Clinical Practice Guideline Report of the
Recommendations Autism/Pervasive Developmental
Disorders Assessment and Intervention For Young
Children (Age 0-3 Years) Sponsored by New York
State Department of Health Early Intervention
Program
55
TREATMENT
56

• DO
• Refer the parent to their pediatrician!
• Give them a brochure to take to their
• pediatrician Identifying Children with Autism
  
• Spectrum Disorder Information for Physicians
  and
• Primary Health Care Providers
• Provide Resources

57

• Communication
• Does not respond to own name
• Cannot tell me what he/she wants
• Language is delayed
• Doesnt follow directions
• Appears deaf at times
• Seems to hear sometimes but not others
• Doesnt point or wave bye-bye

58

• Social
• Doesnt smile socially
• Seems to prefer to play alone
• Has poor eye contact
• In his own world
• Tunes others out
• Not interested in peers

59

• Behavioral
• Tantrums
• Hyperactive, uncooperative or oppositional
• Doesnt know how to play with toys
• Repeats things over and over
• Toe walks
• Has unusual attachments to toys
• Lines things up
• Appears oversensitive to certain textures or
  sounds
• Has odd movement patterns

60

• INDICATIONS FOR IMMEDIATE FURTHER EVALUATION
• No babbling by 12 months
• No gesturing by 12 months
• No single words by 16 months
• No 2-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months
• (not echolalic vocalizations)
• ANY loss of ANY language or SOCIAL SKILLS at
• any age

61
TREATMENT
62
For more resources on Autism visit....
Thank you for your participation!
www.RCMAutismNotebook.com