Universities and the New Manifest Destiny

1
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning american research universities
Michael M. Crow Vice Provost of the
University Professor of Science and Technology
Policy Columbia University
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
2
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Research University as a Fundamental
Institutional Innovation
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
3
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Origins of the Research University
1300s First universities born in
Europe University of Bologna, University of
Paris 1400-1600 Establishment of universities
throughout Europe, based on the
Bologna/Paris models Oxford University,
Cambridge University 1400-1500 Growth of
European Academies 1600-1800 Growth of
elite college in the United States, modeled on
the Paris-Oxford- Cambridge tradition Columbi
a, Yale, Harvard, and so forth 1800-1900
Development and spread of research universitie
s
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
4
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Footholds of Science Developing Science-based
Knowledge Resources
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
5
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Emergence of Scientific Disciplines Their
University Foundations
Physics and Chemistry of Electricity 1791,
Galvani, University of Bologna 1800, Volta,
University of Pavia 1801-, Davy, Royal
Institution of London 1813-, Faraday, Royal
Institution of London 1820, Oersted, University
of Copenhagen 1820, Ampere, Polytechnic School
of Paris 1831, Henry, College of New Jersey
(Princeton) Biology 1663 Cells are first
described by Hooke. 1675 Leeuwenhoek discovers
bacteria. 1797 Jenner inoculates a child with a
viral vaccine to protect him from smallpox. 1830
Proteins are discovered. 1833 The first enzymes
are isolated. 1855 Pasteur begins working with
yeast, eventually proving they are living
organisms. 1863 Mendel makes breakthrough
underpinning genetics 1878 The first centrifuge
is developed by Laval. The term "microbe" is
first used. 1879 Flemming discovers what are
later termed chromosomes.
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
6
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
National Brands of Universities in the 19th
Century
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
7
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Pre-1850
Established Tradition at the Royal Institution of
London Development of French Institutions of
Higher Education Rise of the German Research
Universities Growth of other European Science
Centers
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
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Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Mid-1870s
United States Land Grant universities (Morrill
Act, 1863) largely established in every state.
German style research university model
transferred to America with founding of Johns
Hopkins. Model of the scientific school had
spread throughout American colleges and elective
tracks had evolved, allowing students to elect to
have concentrations in the sciences.
Germany Germany is clear leader in chemistry,
physics, agricultural sciences.
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
9
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Mid 1890s
By the 1890's, the research university had
evolved into a structure much like today's. At
that time there were 15 research universities. 5
State Universities Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, California 5 private eastern
schools Columbia, Harvard, Penn, Princeton,
Yale 5 more recent private schools MIT, Cornell,
Johns Hopkins, Stanford, Chicago
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
10
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Science-based Industries and Technologies The
University Context of American Science-based
Industry
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
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Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
1897
Machine tools Firearms Clocks Sewing
machines Hardware Agricultural implements Bicycles
Steel Electrification Telegraphy/Telephony
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
12
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
1997
Microelectronics Biotechnology New materials
science industries Telecommunications Computer
numerically controlled machine tools and
robots Civilian aircraft manufacturing Computers
(hardware and software)
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
13
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The Social Contract for Science Establishing
Federally Supported University Research
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
14
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Social Contract for Science
Wartime Mobilization of Science Through the OSRD
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
15
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
1945
Research Land-Grants Illinois, Michigan,
Minnesota, Wisconsin, California Land
Grants Iowa State, Penn State, NC State, and so
forth. Elite Research Universities Columbia,
Harvard, Stanford, Chicago, Johns Hopkins Major
Technical Institutes Caltech and MIT
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
16
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Social Contract for Science
Anatomy of the Post-War Partnership Science the
Endless Frontier
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
17
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Social Contract for Science
1. Political Autonomy and Self-Regulation of
Science 2. Academic Model of Individual
Achievement 3. Insular and Self-Perpetuating
Character of the Scientific Community 4. Linear
Model of Innovation and Social
Progress 5. Science Push vs. Social Pull
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
18
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Social Contract for Science
Dispersion of Federal Science Funding Growth of
University Community
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
19
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
1997
Entrance of New Players in the Research
University Community UC San Diego, Arizona
State, SUNY Stony Brook, Duke, etc.
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
20
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
What Drives Academic Research?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
21
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The Focusing of Academic Science
Stock of Knowledge
Government Funding
Industry Funding
Technological Opportunities
Hot areas of research
Research / Experimentation
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
22
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The ins and outs of Academic Research
Stock of Knowledge
Research / Experimentation
New Knowledge

• Patents and Licenses
• Publication
• Manpower

AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
23
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Sources of Academic RD Funding, By Sector
100
Other
90
Academic Institutions
80
Industry
State/Local Govt.
70
60
50
40
Federal Govt.
30
20
10
0
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
Year
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
24
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Growth in University-Industry Research Centers
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1950
1960-69
1980-89
1997
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
25
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
University-Industry Research Centers Source of
Funds, 1990
State
Federal
12
34
Industry
31
Other
University
5
18
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
26
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Federal Obligations for Academic RD
20
12
NIH
NSF
DOD
15
Other
53
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
27
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Academic RD Expenditures, By Field
4500
4000
Medical Sciences
3500
Biological Sciences
3000
Total engineering
2500
Physical Sciences
2000
Millions of Constant 1987
Dollars
Environmental Sciences
1500
Social Sciences
1000
Computer Sciences
500
0
Psychology
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Mathematical Sciences
Year
Source NSF
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
28
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The Unique Potential of the American Research
University
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
29
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Conventional Wisdom on the Role of Universities

Pure Basic Research
Directed Basic Research
Intermediate Range Applied Research
Applied Research
Tech. Develop- ment
Tech. Commer- cialization
FOCUSED RESEARCH AND PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT
MARKET DRIVEN TECH. DEVELOP- MENT
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY
FOCUSED DEVELOP-MENT
Increasing Role of Universities
Increasing Role of Industry
Increasing Role of Government
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
30
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The Promise of Pasteurs Quadrant Research
Research not Inspired by Considerations of Use
Research Inspired by Considerations of Use
I.
II.
Research Inspired by a Quest for Fundamental
Understanding
Use Inspired Basic Research
Pure Basic Research
IV.
III.
Research is not Inspired by a Quest for
Fundamental Understanding
Purely Applied Research
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
31
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
The Impacts of University Research
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
32
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
University Science
N
Industries in which relevance of university
research is largest
Biology
12
Animal feed, drugs, processed fruits/vegetables
Chemistry
19
Animal feed, meat products, drugs
Geology
0
None
Mathematics
5
Optical instruments
Physics
4
Optical instruments, electron tubes
Agricultural Science
17
Pesticides, animal feed, fertilizers, food
products
Applied Math / Operations
16
Meat products, logging/sawmills
Research
Computer Science
34
Optical instruments, logging/sawmills, paper
machinery
Materials Science
29
Synthetic rubber, nonferrous materials
Medical Science
7
Surgical/medical instruments, drugs, coffee
Metallurgy
21
Nonferrous materials, fabricated metal products
Chemical Engineering
19
Canned foods, fertilizers, malt beverages
Electrical Engineering
22
Semiconductors, scientific instruments
Mechanical Engineering
28
Hand tools, specialized industrial machinery
N of industries in which university research
is rated as relevant or highly relevant
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
33
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
High Opportunity Sector
Low Opportunity Sector
Source of opportunity
electronic components
aircraft missiles
drug
stone, clay and glass
metal products
non-electrical machinery
Basic and applied sciences Biology 1.8 1.2 6.8
1.4 1.3 1.4 Chemistry 6.0 3.8 6.6 5.8 4.6 3.5
Physics 6.5 5.6 3.3 4.2 4.6 4.5 Computer
Science 6.2 6.3 5.1 4.4 4.7 3.8 Material
Science 6.6 6.4 3.1 5.7 6.0 4.9
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
34
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
High Opportunity Sector
Low Opportunity Sector
Source of opportunity
electronic components
aircraft missiles
drug
stone, clay and glass
metal products
non-electrical machinery
External contributions Material
suppliers 5.1 5.1 3.2 3.9 4.7 4.3 Equipment
users 5.8 5.1 3.7 4.4 5.1 4.5 Users 4.9 4.9 4
.2 3.5 4.4 4.6 University research 4.0 3.1 5.4
2.7 2.7 2.8 Government labs 3.6 4.1 4.8 2.1 2.
3 2.5
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
35
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
Proximity of Lines of Business to Science Ranked
by Sum of Relevance Scores Across All Sciences
Semiconductors and related devices Measuring and
controlling devices Pulp, paper, and paperboard
mills Drugs Petroleum refining Aircraft and
parts Electronic computing equipment Surgical and
medical instruments Steelworks, rolling and
finishing mills
Communications equipment Pumps and pumping
equipment Plastic materials and resins Industrial
inorganic chemicals Plastic products Perfumes,
cosmetics, toilet preparations Motors generators,
industrial controls Motor vehicle parts
accessories Industrial inorganic
chemicals Plastic products
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
36
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
Source of opportunity
R D/ Sales
Process Innovation
Product Innovation
Basic and applied sciences Biology 0 0 Ch
emistry 0 0 Physics Compute
r Science Material
Science 0 External Contributors Materi
al suppliers 0 Equipment
suppliers - 0 Users Universi
ty research Government
laboratories
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
37
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Economic Impacts of University Research
Knowledge for Tomorrows Industries The
Quickening Pace and Increasing Complexity
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
38
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Other Impacts of University Research
Health Cultural Environmental
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
39
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Patterns of University Impacts Region, Nation
and the World
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
40
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
University Outputs
Research Results Innovations ST Personnel Firms
and other Organizations
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
41
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Geographically Mediated Spillovers
Tacit Knowledge
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
42
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Geographically Mediated Spillovers
Silicon Valley Route 128 Research Triangle UC San
Diego/San Francisco Biotechnology
Clusters Rochester Optics/Imaging Cluster
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
43
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Geographically Mediated Spillovers
Wisconsin/Iowa/Illinois Agricultural Equipment
Minneapolis Cardio-vascular Equipment and Services
West Michigan Office and Institutional Furniture
Boise Sawmills Farm Machinery
Boston Mutual Funds Biotechnology Software and
Networking Venture Capital
Western Massachusetts Polymers
Omaha Telemarketing Hotel Reservations Credit
Card Processing
Rochester Imaging Equipment
Warsaw, Indiana Orthopedic Devices
Michigan Clocks
Seattle Aircraft Equipment and Design Boat and
Ship Building Metal Fabrication
Detroit Auto Equipment and Parts
Hartford Insurance
Oregon Electrical Measuring Equipment Woodworking
Equipment Logging/Lumber Supplies
Providence Jewelry Marine Equipment
New York City Financial Services Advertising Publi
shing Multimedia
Silicon Valley Microelectronics Biotechnology Vent
ure Capital
Pennsylvania/ New Jersey Pharmaceuticals
Las Vegas Amusement/Casinos Small Airlines
Pittsburgh Advanced Materials Energy
Los Angeles Area Defense Aerospace Entertainment
North Carolina Household Furniture Synthetic
Fibers Hosiery
Carlsbad Golf Equipment
Wichita Light Aircraft Farm Equipment
Cleveland/Louisville Paints Coatings
Baton Rouge/ New Orleans Specialty Foods
Phoenix Helicopters Semiconductors Electronic
Testing Labs
Dallas Real Estate Development
Dalton, Georgia Carpets
Colorado Computer Integrated Systems/Programming E
ngineering Services Mining/Oil and Gas Exploration
Southwest Texas/ Louisiana Chemicals
Nashville/Louisville Hospital Management
South Florida Health Technology Computers
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
44
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Public Goods Quality of Scientific Knowledge
Who Conducted Research? Who Benefited from the
Results?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
45
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Public Goods Quality of Scientific Knowledge
How Do We Harness the Returns from Our Research
Results?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
46
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
History of University Outreach
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
47
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Long History of University Outreach
Commercial Technology Transfer Cultural
Outreach Public Health Environmental Awareness
and Safety
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
48
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Long History of University Outreach
Commitment of Arizonas Universities
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
49
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
Building Organizational Complements
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
50
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
How Do We Better Guide University Impacts on
Society?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
51
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
In What Ways Should Universities Differentiate
Among Themselves to Develop Upon Their Particular
Comparative Advantages in the Knowledge Creation
and Knowledge Diffusion Business?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
52
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
In What Ways Should Universities Begin To
Strategically Ally Themselves for the Enhancement
of Research and Education?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
53
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
What Organizational Complements Need to Be
Crafted?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
54
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Challenging the Traditional University Design
How Do We Integrate Such Organizational
Complements With Research Universities Core
Functions, Research and Education?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
55
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
What Public Policies Are Needed To Successfully
Navigate the Terrain of Organizational Change?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998
56
Universities and the New Manifest Destiny
organizing principles for strategically
realigning American research universities
Where Are Universities in Our Visions of the
Future?
AAAS RD Conference The Future of Science and
Technology in Arizona Friday, March 27th, 1998